Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, The

<p>Preface xxi</p> <p>About the Authors xxix</p> <p><strong>Part I: Over view 1</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 1: History and Goals 3</strong></p> <p>1.1 History of the UNIX System 3</p> <p>1.2 BSD and Other Systems 7</p> <p>1.3 The Transition of BSD to Open Source 9</p> <p>1.4 The FreeBSD Development Model 14</p> <p>References 17</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2: Design Overview of FreeBSD 21</strong></p> <p>2.1 FreeBSD Facilities and the Kernel 21</p> <p>2.2 Kernel Organization 23</p> <p>2.3 Kernel Services 26</p> <p>2.4 Process Management 26</p> <p>2.5 Security 29</p> <p>2.6 Memory Management 36</p> <p>2.7 I/O System Overview 39</p> <p>2.8 Devices 44</p> <p>2.9 The Fast Filesystem 45</p> <p>2.10 The Zettabyte Filesystem 49</p> <p>2.11 The Network Filesystem 50</p> <p>2.12 Interprocess Communication 50</p> <p>2.13 Network-Layer Protocols 51</p> <p>2.14 Transport-Layer Protocols 52</p> <p>2.15 System Startup and Shutdown 52</p> <p>Exercises 54</p> <p>References 54</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3: Kernel Services 57</strong></p> <p>3.1 Kernel Organization 57</p> <p>3.2 System Calls 62</p> <p>3.3 Traps and Interrupts 64</p> <p>3.4 Clock Interrupts 65</p> <p>3.5 Memory-Management Services 69</p> <p>3.6 Timing Services 73</p> <p>3.7 Resource Services 75</p> <p>3.8 Kernel Tracing Facilities 77</p> <p>Exercises 84</p> <p>References 85</p> <p><strong>Part II: Processes 87</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 4: Process Management 89</strong></p> <p>4.1 Introduction to Process Management 89</p> <p>4.2 Process State 92</p> <p>4.3 Context Switching 99</p> <p>4.4 Thread Scheduling 114</p> <p>4.5 Process Creation 126</p> <p>4.6 Process Termination 128</p> <p>4.7 Signals 129</p> <p>4.8 Process Groups and Sessions 136</p> <p>4.9 Process Debugging 142</p> <p>Exercises 144</p> <p>References 146</p> <p><strong>Chapter 5: Security 147</strong></p> <p>5.1 Operating-System Security 148</p> <p>5.2 Security Model 149</p> <p>5.3 Process Credentials 151</p> <p>5.4 Users and Groups 154</p> <p>5.5 Privilege Model 157</p> <p>5.6 Interprocess Access Control 159</p> <p>5.7 Discretionary Access Control 161</p> <p>5.8 Capsicum Capability Model 174</p> <p>5.9 Jails 180</p> <p>5.10 Mandatory Access-Control Framework 184</p> <p>5.11 Security Event Auditing 200</p> <p>5.12 Cryptographic Services 206</p> <p>5.13 GELI Full-Disk Encryption 212</p> <p>Exercises 217</p> <p>References 217</p> <p><strong>Chapter 6: Memory Management 221</strong></p> <p>6.1 Terminology 221</p> <p>6.2 Overview of the FreeBSD Virtual-Memory System 227</p> <p>6.3 Kernel Memory Management 230</p> <p>6.4 Per-Process Resources 244</p> <p>6.5 Shared Memory 250</p> <p>6.6 Creation of a New Process 258</p> <p>6.7 Execution of a File 262</p> <p>6.8 Process Manipulation of Its Address Space 263</p> <p>6.9 Termination of a Process 266</p> <p>6.10 The Pager Interface 267</p> <p>6.11 Paging 276</p> <p>6.12 Page Replacement 289</p> <p>6.13 Portability 298</p> <p>Exercises 308</p> <p>References 310</p> <p><strong>Part III: I/OSystem 313</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 7: I/O System Overview 315</strong></p> <p>7.1 Descriptor Management and Services 316</p> <p>7.2 Local Interprocess Communication 333</p> <p>7.3 The Virtual-Filesystem Interface 339</p> <p>7.4 Filesystem-Independent Services 344</p> <p>7.5 Stackable Filesystems 352</p> <p>Exercises 358</p> <p>References 359</p> <p><strong>Chapter 8: Devices 361</strong></p> <p>8.1 Device Overview 361</p> <p>8.2 I/O Mapping from User to Device 367</p> <p>8.3 Character Devices 370</p> <p>8.4 Disk Devices 374</p> <p>8.5 Network Devices 378</p> <p>8.6 Terminal Handling 382</p> <p>8.7 The GEOM Layer 391</p> <p>8.8 The CAM Layer 399</p> <p>8.9 Device Configuration 402</p> <p>8.10 Device Virtualization 414</p> <p>Exercises 428</p> <p>References 429</p> <p><strong>Chapter 9: The Fast Filesystem 431</strong></p> <p>9.1 Hierarchical Filesystem Management 431</p> <p>9.2 Structure of an Inode 433</p> <p>9.3 Naming 443</p> <p>9.4 Quotas 451</p> <p>9.5 File Locking 454</p> <p>9.6 Soft Updates 459</p> <p>9.7 Filesystem Snapshots 480</p> <p>9.8 Journaled Soft Updates 487</p> <p>9.9 The Local Filestore 496</p> <p>9.10 The Berkeley Fast Filesystem 501</p> <p>Exercises 517</p> <p>References 519</p> <p><strong>Chapter 10: The Zettabyte Filesystem 523</strong></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 523</p> <p>10.2 ZFS Organization 527</p> <p>10.3 ZFS Structure 532</p> <p>10.4 ZFS Operation 535</p> <p>10.5 ZFS Design Tradeoffs 547</p> <p>Exercises 549</p> <p>References 549</p> <p><strong>Chapter 11: The Network Filesystem 551</strong></p> <p>11.1 Overview 551</p> <p>11.2 Structure and Operation 553</p> <p>11.3 NFS Evolution 567</p> <p>Exercises 586</p> <p>References 587</p> <p><strong>Part IV: Interprocess Communication 591</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 12: Interprocess Communication 593</strong></p> <p>12.1 Interprocess-Communication Model 593</p> <p>12.2 Implementation Structure and Overview 599</p> <p>12.3 Memory Management 601</p> <p>12.4 IPC Data Structures 606</p> <p>12.5 Connection Setup 612</p> <p>12.6 Data Transfer 615</p> <p>12.7 Socket Shutdown 620</p> <p>12.8 Network-Communication Protocol Internal Structure 621</p> <p>12.9 Socket-to-Protocol Interface 626</p> <p>12.10 Protocol-to-Protocol Interface 631</p> <p>12.11 Protocol-to-Network Interface 634</p> <p>12.12 Buffering and Flow Control 643</p> <p>12.13 Network Virtualization 644</p> <p>Exercises 646</p> <p>References 648</p> <p><strong>Chapter 13: Network-Layer Protocols 649</strong></p> <p>13.1 Internet Protocol Version 4 650</p> <p>13.2 Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMP) 657</p> <p>13.3 Internet Protocol Version 6 659</p> <p>13.4 Internet Protocols Code Structure 670</p> <p>13.5 Routing 675</p> <p>13.6 Raw Sockets 686</p> <p>13.7 Security 688</p> <p>13.8 Packet-Processing Frameworks 700</p> <p>Exercises 715</p> <p>References 717</p> <p><strong>Chapter 14: Transport-Layer Protocols 721</strong></p> <p>14.1 Internet Ports and Associations 721</p> <p>14.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 723</p> <p>14.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 725</p> <p>14.4 TCP Algorithms 732</p> <p>14.5 TCP Input Processing 741</p> <p>14.6 TCP Output Processing 745</p> <p>14.7 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 761</p> <p>Exercises 768</p> <p>References 770</p> <p><strong>Part V: System Operation 773</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 15: System Startup and Shutdown 775</strong></p> <p>15.1 Firmware and BIOSes 776</p> <p>15.2 Boot Loaders 777</p> <p>15.3 Kernel Boot 782</p> <p>15.4 User-Level Initialization 798</p> <p>15.5 System Operation 800</p> <p>Exercises 805</p> <p>References 806</p> <p>Glossary 807</p> <p>Index 847</p>