Essentials of Oceanography

<h2>Table of Contents</h2> <div class="c-non-traditional-number-list_container"> <ol> <li><strong>Introduction to Planet "Earth"</strong> <ul> <li>1.1 How Are Earth's Oceans Unique?</li> <li>1.2 How Was Early Exploration of the Oceans Achieved?</li> <li>1.3 What Fields of Science Does Oceanography Include?</li> <li>1.4 What Is the Process of Science and the Nature of Scientific Inquiry?</li> <li>1.5 How Were Earth and the Solar System Formed?</li> <li>1.6 How Were Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Formed?</li> <li>1.7 Did Life Begin in the Oceans?</li> <li>1.8 How Old Is Earth?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor <ul> <li>2.1 What Evidence Supports Continental Drift?</li> <li>2.2 What Additional Observations Led to the Theory of Plate Tectonics?</li> <li>2.3 What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries?</li> <li>2.4 Testing the Model: Can Plate Tectonics Explain Other Features in the Ocean and on Land?</li> <li>2.5 How Has Earth Changed in the Past, and How Will it Look in the Future?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Marine Provinces <ul> <li>3.1 What Techniques Are Used to Determine</li> <li>Ocean Bathymetry?</li> <li>3.2 What Features Exist on Continental Margins?</li> <li>3.3 What Features Exist in the Deep-Ocean Basins?</li> <li>3.4 What Features Exist along the Mid-Ocean Ridge?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Marine Sediments <ul> <li>4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected, and what Historical Events Do They Reveal?</li> <li>4.2 What Are the Characteristics of Lithogenous Sediment?</li> <li>4.3 What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment?</li> <li>4.4 What Are the Characteristics of Hydrogenous Sediment?</li> <li>4.5 What Are the Characteristics of Cosmogenous Sediment?</li> <li>4.6 How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?</li> <li>4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Water and Seawater <ul> <li>5.1 Why Does Water Have Such Unusual Chemical Properties?</li> <li>5.2 What Important Physical Properties Does Water Possess?</li> <li>5.3 Why Is Seawater Salty?</li> <li>5.4 Why Does Seawater Salinity Vary?</li> <li>5.5 How Does Seawater Salinity Vary at the Surface and with Depth?</li> <li>5.6 How Does Seawater Density Vary with Depth?</li> <li>5.7 Is the Ocean Acidic or Basic?</li> <li>5.8 What Factors Control the Distribution of Carbon and Oxygen in the Ocean?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Air—Sea Interaction <ul> <li>6.1 What Causes Variations in Solar Radiation on Earth?</li> <li>6.2 What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess?</li> <li>6.3 How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects?</li> <li>6.4 What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist?</li> <li>6.5 How Does the Ocean Influence Global Weather Phenomena and Climate Patterns?</li> <li>6.6 Can Power from Wind Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Ocean Circulation <ul> <li>7.1 How Are Ocean Currents Measured?</li> <li>7.2 What Creates Ocean Surface Currents and How Are They Organized?</li> <li>7.3 What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling?</li> <li>7.4 What Are the Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean Basin?</li> <li>7.5 How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form?</li> <li>7.6 How Do Deep-Ocean Currents Form?</li> <li>7.7 Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Waves and Water Dynamics <ul> <li>8.1 How Are Waves Generated, and How Do They Move?</li> <li>8.2 What Characteristics Do Waves Possess?</li> <li>8.3 How Do Wind-Generated Waves Develop?</li> <li>8.4 How Do Waves Change in the Surf Zone?</li> <li>8.5 How Are Tsunami Created?</li> <li>8.6 Can Power from Waves Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Tides <ul> <li>9.1 What Causes Ocean Tides?</li> <li>9.2 How Do Tides Vary during a Monthly Tidal Cycle?</li> <li>9.3 What Do Tides Look Like in the Ocean?</li> <li>9.4 What Types of Tidal Patterns Exist?</li> <li>9.5 What Tidal Phenomena Occur in Coastal Regions?</li> <li>9.6 Can Tidal Power Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Beaches, Shoreline Processes, 10 and the Coastal Ocean" <ul> <li>10.1 How Are Coastal Regions Defined?</li> <li>10.2 How Does Sand Move on the Beach?</li> <li>10.3 What Features Are Typical of Erosional and Depositional Shores?</li> <li>10.4 How Do Changes in Sea Level Produce <ul> <li>Emerging and Submerging Shorelines?</li> </ul></li> <li>10.5 How Does Hard Stabilization Affect Coastlines?</li> <li>10.6 What are the Characteristics and Types of Coastal Waters?</li> <li>10.7 What Issues Face Coastal Wetlands?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li>Marine Pollution <ul> <li>11.1 What Is Pollution?</li> <li>11.2 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Petroleum Pollution?</li> <li>11.3 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-Petroleum Chemical Pollution?</li> <li>11.4 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-point Source Pollution, Including Trash?</li> <li>11.5 What Can You Do to Help Prevent Marine Pollution?</li> <li>11.6 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Biological Pollution?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Marine Life and the Marine Environment</strong> <ul> <li>12.1 What Are Living Things, and How Are They Classified?</li> <li>12.2 How Are Marine Organisms Classified?</li> <li>12.3 How Many Marine Species Exist?</li> <li>12.4 How Are Marine Organisms Adapted to the Physical Conditions of the Ocean?</li> <li>12.5 What Are the Main Divisions of the Marine Environment?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer</strong> <ul> <li>13.1 What Is Primary Productivity?</li> <li>13.2 What Kinds of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist?</li> <li>13.3 How Does Regional Primary Productivity Vary?</li> <li>13.4 How Are Energy and Nutrients Passed Along in Marine <ul> <li>Ecosystems?</li> </ul></li> <li>13.5 What Issues Affect Marine Fisheries?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Animals of the Pelagic Environment</strong> <ul> <li>14.1 How Are Marine Organisms Able to Stay above the Ocean Floor?</li> <li>14.2 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess for Seeking Prey?</li> <li>14.3 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess to Avoid Becoming Prey?</li> <li>14.4 What Characteristics Do Marine Mammals Possess?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Animals of the Benthic Environment</strong> <ul> <li>15.1 What Communities Exist along Rocky Shores?</li> <li>15.2 What Communities Exist along Sediment-Covered <ul> <li>Shores?</li> </ul></li> <li>15.3 What Communities Exist on the Shallow Offshore Ocean Floor?</li> <li>15.4 What Communities Exist on the Deep-Ocean Floor?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>The Oceans and Climate Change</strong> <ul> <li>16.1 What Comprises Earth’s Climate System?</li> <li>16.2 Earth’s Recent Climate Change: Is It Natural or Caused by Human Activities?</li> <li>16.3 What Causes the Atmosphere’s Greenhouse Effect?</li> <li>16.4 What Changes Are Occurring in the Oceans as a Result of Global Warming?</li> <li>16.5 What Can Be Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gases?</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Essential Concepts Review</li> </ul></li> </ol> </div>