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Cisco Networking Academy

Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation Companion Guide (CCNAv7)

Name: Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation Companion Guide (CCNAv7)
Author: Cisco Networking Academy

E-book Engels 2021 9780136634294

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Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation v7 course in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA curriculum.

This course describes the architectures and considerations related to designing, securing, operating, and troubleshooting enterprise networks. You will implement the OSPF dynamic routing protocol, identify and protect against cybersecurity threats, configure access control lists (ACLs), implement Network Address Translation (NAT), and learn about WANs and IPsec VPNs. You will also learn about QoS mechanisms, network management tools, network virtualization, and network automation.

The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.

The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
* Chapter objectives: Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter. * Key terms: Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
* Glossary: Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 500 terms.
* Summary of Activities and Labs: Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
* Check Your Understanding: Evaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.

How To: Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.
Interactive Activities: Reinforce your understanding of topics with dozens of exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos: Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities: Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters and provided in the accompanying Labs & Study Guide book.
Hands-on Labs: Work through all the course labs and additional Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Labs & Study Guide.

Specificaties

ISBN13:9780136634294

Taal:Engels

Bindwijze:e-book

Uitgever:Pearson Education

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Introduction xxxi Chapter 1 Single-Area OSPFv2 Concepts 1 Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction (1.0) 3 OSPF Features and Characteristics (1.1) 3     Introduction to OSPF (1.1.1) 3     Components of OSPF (1.1.2) 4         Routing Protocol Messages 4         Data Structures 4         Algorithm 5     Link-State Operation (1.1.3) 6         1. Establish Neighbor Adjacencies 6         2. Exchange Link-State Advertisements 6         3. Build the Link-State Database 7         4. Execute the SPF Algorithm 8         5. Choose the Best Route 8     Single-Area and Multiarea OSPF (1.1.4) 9     Multiarea OSPF (1.1.5) 10     OSPFv3 (1.1.6) 12 OSPF Packets (1.2) 13     Types of OSPF Packets (1.2.2) 13     Link-State Updates (1.2.3) 14     Hello Packet (1.2.4) 15 OSPF Operation (1.3) 17     OSPF Operational States (1.3.2) 17     Establish Neighbor Adjacencies (1.3.3) 18         1. Down State to Init State 18         2. The Init State 19         3. Two-Way State 19         4. Elect the DR and BDR 20     Synchronizing OSPF Databases (1.3.4) 20         1. Decide First Router 21         2. Exchange DBDs 21         3. Send an LSR 22     The Need for a DR (1.3.5) 23     LSA Flooding with a DR (1.3.6) 24         Flooding LSAs 24         LSAs and DR 25 Summary (1.4) 27     OSPF Features and Characteristics 27     OSPF Packets 28     OSPF Operation 28 Practice 29 Check Your Understanding 29 Chapter 2 Single-Area OSPFv2 Configuration 33 Objectives 33 Key Terms 33 Introduction (2.0) 34 OSPF Router ID (2.1) 34     OSPF Reference Topology (2.1.1) 34     Router Configuration Mode for OSPF (2.1.2) 35     Router IDs (2.1.3) 36     Router ID Order of Precedence (2.1.4) 36     Configure a Loopback Interface as the Router ID (2.1.5) 37     Explicitly Configure a Router ID (2.1.6) 38     Modify a Router ID (2.1.7) 39 Point-to-Point OSPF Networks (2.2) 40     The network Command Syntax (2.2.1) 40     The Wildcard Mask (2.2.2) 41     Configure OSPF Using the network Command (2.2.4) 41     Configure OSPF Using the ip ospf Command (2.2.6) 43     Passive Interface (2.2.8) 44     Configure Passive Interfaces (2.2.9) 45     OSPF Point-to-Point Networks (2.2.11) 46     Loopbacks and Point-to-Point Networks (2.2.12) 48 Multiaccess OSPF Networks (2.3) 49     OSPF Network Types (2.3.1) 49     OSPF Designated Router (2.3.2) 49     OSPF Multiaccess Reference Topology (2.3.3) 51     Verify OSPF Router Roles (2.3.4) 52         R1 DROTHER 52         R2 BDR 53         R3 DR 53     Verify DR/BDR Adjacencies (2.3.5) 54         R1 Adjacencies 55         R2 Adjacencies 55         R3 Adjacencies 56     Default DR/BDR Election Process (2.3.6) 56     DR Failure and Recovery (2.3.7) 58         R3 Fails 58         R3 Rejoins Network 59         R4 Joins Network 59         R2 Fails 59     The ip ospf priority Command (2.3.8) 61     Configure OSPF Priority (2.3.9) 61 Modify Single-Area OSPFv2 (2.4) 63     Cisco OSPF Cost Metric (2.4.1) 63     Adjust the Reference Bandwidth (2.4.2) 64     OSPF Accumulates Costs (2.4.3) 66     Manually Set OSPF Cost Value (2.4.4) 67     Test Failover to Backup Route (2.4.5) 69     Hello Packet Intervals (2.4.7) 69     Verify Hello and Dead Intervals (2.4.8) 70     Modify OSPFv2 Intervals (2.4.9) 71 Default Route Propagation (2.5) 73     Propagate a Default Static Route in OSPFv2 (2.5.1) 74     Verify the Propagated Default Route (2.5.2) 75 Verify Single-Area OSPFv2 (2.6) 77     Verify OSPF Neighbors (2.6.1) 77     Verify OSPF Protocol Settings (2.6.2) 79     Verify OSPF Process Information (2.6.3) 80     Verify OSPF Interface Settings (2.6.4) 81 Summary (2.7) 83     OSPF Router ID 83     Point-to-Point OSPF Networks 83     OSPF Network Types 84     Modify Single-Area OSPFv2 85     Default Route Propagation 86     Verify Single-Area OSPFv2 86 Practice 87 Check Your Understanding 88 Chapter 3 Network Security Concepts 93 Objectives 93 Key Terms 93 Introduction 95     Ethical Hacking Statement (3.0.3) 95 Current State of Cybersecurity (3.1) 95     Current State of Affairs (3.1.1) 95     Vectors of Network Attacks (3.1.2) 96     Data Loss (3.1.3) 97 Threat Actors (3.2) 98     The Hacker (3.2.1) 98     Evolution of Hackers (3.2.2) 99     Cyber Criminals (3.2.3) 100     Hacktivists (3.2.4) 100     State-Sponsored Hackers (3.2.5) 100 Threat Actor Tools (3.3) 101     Introduction to Attack Tools (3.3.2) 101     Evolution of Security Tools (3.3.3) 102     Attack Types (3.3.4) 104 Malware (3.4) 106     Overview of Malware (3.4.1) 106     Viruses and Trojan Horses (3.4.2) 106     Other Types of Malware (3.4.3) 108 Common Network Attacks (3.5) 109     Overview of Network Attacks (3.5.1) 109     Reconnaissance Attacks (3.5.3) 109     Access Attacks (3.5.5) 110         Trust Exploitation Example 111         Port Redirection Example 112         Man-in-the-Middle Attack Example 112         Buffer Overflow Attack 112     Social Engineering Attacks (3.5.6) 114     DoS and DDoS Attacks (3.5.9) 115         DoS Attack 116         DDoS Attack 116 IP Vulnerabilities and Threats (3.6) 117     IPv4 and IPv6 (3.6.2) 118     ICMP Attacks (3.6.3) 118     Amplification and Reflection Attacks (3.6.5) 119     Address Spoofing Attacks (3.6.6) 120 TCP and UDP Vulnerabilities (3.7) 122     TCP Segment Header (3.7.1) 122     TCP Services (3.7.2) 123     TCP Attacks (3.7.3) 124         TCP SYN Flood Attack 124         TCP Reset Attack 125         TCP Session Hijacking 126     UDP Segment Header and Operation (3.7.4) 126     UDP Attacks (3.7.5) 127         UDP Flood Attacks 127 IP Services 127     ARP Vulnerabilities (3.8.1) 127     ARP Cache Poisoning (3.8.2) 128         ARP Request 128         ARP Reply 129         Spoofed Gratuitous ARP Replies 130     DNS Attacks (3.8.4) 131         DNS Open Resolver Attacks 131         DNS Stealth Attacks 132         DNS Domain Shadowing Attacks 132     DNS Tunneling (3.8.5) 132     DHCP (3.8.6) 133     DHCP Attacks (3.8.7) 134         1. Client Broadcasts DHCP Discovery Messages 134         2. DHCP Servers Respond with Offers 134         3. Client Accepts Rogue DHCP Request 136         4. Rogue DHCP Acknowledges the Request 136 Network Security Best Practices (3.9) 137     Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (3.9.1) 137     The Defense-in-Depth Approach (3.9.2) 138     Firewalls (3.9.3) 139     IPS (3.9.4) 140     Content Security Appliances (3.9.5) 141         Cisco Email Security Appliance (ESA) 142         Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA) 142 Cryptography (3.10) 143     Securing Communications (3.10.2) 143     Data Integrity (3.10.3) 144     Hash Functions (3.10.4) 145     MD5 with 128-Bit Digest 145         SHA Hashing Algorithm 146         SHA-2 146         SHA-3 146     Origin Authentication (3.10.5) 147         HMAC Hashing Algorithm 147         Creating the HMAC Value 148         Verifying the HMAC Value 149         Cisco Router HMAC Example 149     Data Confidentiality (3.10.6) 150     Symmetric Encryption (3.10.7) 151     Asymmetric Encryption (3.10.8) 152     Diffie-Hellman (3.10.9) 155 Summary (3.11) 157     Current State of Cybersecurity 157     Threat Actors 157     Threat Actor Tools 157     Malware 157     Common Network Attacks 158     IP Vulnerabilities and Threats 158     TCP and UDP Vulnerabilities 158     IP Services 158     Network Security Best Practices 159     Cryptography 159 Practice 159 Check Your Understanding 160 Chapter 4 ACL Concepts 163 Objectives 163 Key Terms 163 Introduction (4.0) 164 Purpose of ACLs (4.1) 164     What Is an ACL? (4.1.1) 164     Packet Filtering (4.1.2) 165     ACL Operation (4.1.3) 166 Wildcard Masks in ACLs (4.2) 168     Wildcard Mask Overview (4.2.1) 168     Wildcard Mask Types (4.2.2) 169         Wildcard to Match a Host 169         Wildcard Mask to Match an IPv4 Subnet 169         Wildcard Mask to Match an IPv4 Address Range 170     Wildcard Mask Calculation (4.2.3) 170         Example 1 171         Example 2 171         Example 3 171         Example 4 172     Wildcard Mask Keywords (4.2.4) 172 Guidelines for ACL Creation (4.3) 173     Limited Number of ACLs per Interface (4.3.1) 173     ACL Best Practices (4.3.2) 174 Types of IPv4 ACLs (4.4) 175     Standard and Extended ACLs (4.4.1) 175     Numbered and Named ACLs (4.4.2) 176         Numbered ACLs 176         Named ACLs 177     Where to Place ACLs (4.4.3) 177     Standard ACL Placement Example (4.4.4) 179     Extended ACL Placement Example (4.4.5) 180 Summary (4.5) 182     Purpose of ACLs 182     Wildcard Masks 182     Guidelines for ACL Creation 183     Types of IPv4 ACLs 183 Practice 184 Check Your Understanding Questions 184 Chapter 5 ACLs for IPv4 Configuration 187 Objectives 187 Key Term 187 Introduction (5.0) 188 Configure Standard IPv4 ACLs (5.1) 188     Create an ACL (5.1.1) 188     Numbered Standard IPv4 ACL Syntax (5.1.2) 188     Named Standard IPv4 ACL Syntax (5.1.3) 189     Apply a Standard IPv4 ACL (5.1.4) 190     Numbered Standard IPv4 ACL Example (5.1.5) 191     Named Standard IPv4 ACL Example (5.1.6) 193 Modify IPv4 ACLs (5.2) 195     Two Methods to Modify an ACL (5.2.1) 196     Text Editor Method (5.2.2) 196     Sequence Numbers Method (5.2.3) 197     Modify a Named ACL Example (5.2.4) 198     ACL Statistics (5.2.5) 199 Secure VTY Ports with a Standard IPv4 ACL (5.3) 200     The access-class Command (5.3.1) 200     Secure VTY Access Example (5.3.2) 200     Verify the VTY Port Is Secured (5.3.3) 202 Configure Extended IPv4 ACLs (5.4) 203     Extended ACLs (5.4.1) 203     Numbered Extended IPv4 ACL Syntax (5.4.2) 204     Protocols and Ports (5.4.3) 206         Protocol Options 206         Port Keyword Options 207     Protocols and Port Numbers Configuration Examples (5.4.4) 208     Apply a Numbered Extended IPv4 ACL (5.4.5) 209     TCP Established Extended ACL (5.4.6) 210     Named Extended IPv4 ACL Syntax (5.4.7) 212     Named Extended IPv4 ACL Example (5.4.8) 212     Edit Extended ACLs (5.4.9) 213     Another Named Extended IPv4 ACL Example (5.4.10) 214     Verify Extended ACLs (5.4.11) 216         show ip interface 216         show access-lists 217         show running-config 218 Summary (5.5) 219     Configure Standard IPv4 ACLs 219     Modify IPv4 ACLs 219     Secure VTY Ports with a Standard IPv4 ACL 220     Configure Extended IPv4 ACLs 220 Practice 221 Check Your Understanding Questions 222 Chapter 6 NAT for IPv4 225 Objectives 225 Key Terms 225 Introduction (6.0) 226 NAT Characteristics (6.1) 226     IPv4 Private Address Space (6.1.1) 226     What Is NAT? (6.1.2) 227     How NAT Works (6.1.3) 228     NAT Terminology (6.1.4) 229         Inside Local 230         Inside Global 230         Outside Global 231         Outside Local 231 Types of NAT (6.2) 231     Static NAT (6.2.1) 231     Dynamic NAT (6.2.2) 232     Port Address Translation (6.2.3) 233     Next Available Port (6.2.4) 235     NAT and PAT Comparison (6.2.5) 236         NAT 236         PAT 237     Packets Without a Layer 4 Segment (6.2.6) 237 NAT Advantages and Disadvantages (6.3) 238     Advantages of NAT (6.3.1) 238     Disadvantages of NAT (6.3.2) 238 Static NAT (6.4) 239     Static NAT Scenario (6.4.1) 240     Configure Static NAT (6.4.2) 240     Analyze Static NAT (6.4.3) 241     Verify Static NAT (6.4.4) 242 Dynamic NAT (6.5) 244     Dynamic NAT Scenario (6.5.1) 244     Configure Dynamic NAT (6.5.2) 245     Analyze Dynamic NAT—Inside to Outside (6.5.3) 247     Analyze Dynamic NAT—Outside to Inside (6.5.4) 248     Verify Dynamic NAT (6.5.5) 249 PAT (6.6) 251     PAT Scenario (6.6.1) 251     Configure PAT to Use a Single IPv4 Address (6.6.2) 252     Configure PAT to Use an Address Pool (6.6.3) 253     Analyze PAT—PC to Server (6.6.4) 254     Analyze PAT—Server to PC (6.6.5) 255     Verify PAT (6.6.6) 256 NAT64 (6.7) 258     NAT for IPv6? (6.7.1) 258     NAT64 (6.7.2) 258 Summary (6.8) 260     NAT Characteristics 260     Types of NAT 260     NAT Advantages and Disadvantages 261     Static NAT 261     Dynamic NAT 262     PAT 262     NAT64 263 Practice 264 Check Your Understanding Questions 264 Chapter 7 WAN Concepts 269 Objectives 269 Key Terms 269 Introduction (7.0) 272 Purpose of WANs (7.1) 272     LANs and WANs (7.1.1) 272     Private and Public WANs (7.1.2) 273     WAN Topologies (7.1.3) 274         Point-to-Point Topology 274         Hub-and-Spoke Topology 275         Dual-homed Topology 276         Fully Meshed Topology 276         Partially Meshed Topology 277     Carrier Connections (7.1.4) 278         Single-Carrier WAN Connection 278         Dual-Carrier WAN Connection 278     Evolving Networks (7.1.5) 279         Small Network 279         Campus Network 280         Branch Network 281         Distributed Network 282 WAN Operations (7.2) 283     WAN Standards (7.2.1) 283     WANs in the OSI Model (7.2.2) 284         Layer 1 Protocols 284         Layer 2 Protocols 284     Common WAN Terminology (7.2.3) 285     WAN Devices (7.2.4) 287     Serial Communication (7.2.5) 289     Circuit-Switched Communication (7.2.6) 290     Packet-Switched Communications (7.2.7) 290     SDH, SONET, and DWDM (7.2.8) 291 Traditional WAN Connectivity (7.3) 292     Traditional WAN Connectivity Options (7.3.1) 293     Common WAN Terminology (7.3.2) 293     Circuit-Switched Options (7.3.3) 295         Public Service Telephone Network (PSTN) 295         Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 295     Packet-Switched Options (7.3.4) 295         Frame Relay 295         Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 296 Modern WAN Connectivity (7.4) 296     Modern WANs (7.4.1) 296     Modern WAN Connectivity Options (7.4.2) 297         Dedicated Broadband 297         Packet-Switched 298         Internet-Based Broadband 298     Ethernet WAN (7.4.3) 298     MPLS (7.4.4) 300 Internet-Based Connectivity (7.5) 301     Internet-Based Connectivity Options (7.5.1) 301         Wired Options 302         Wireless Options 302     DSL Technology (7.5.2) 302     DSL Connections (7.5.3) 303     DSL and PPP (7.5.4) 303         Host with PPPoE Client 304         Router PPPoE Client 304     Cable Technology (7.5.5) 305     Optical Fiber (7.5.6) 305     Wireless Internet-Based Broadband (7.5.7) 306         Municipal Wi-Fi 306         Cellular 306         Satellite Internet 307         WiMAX 307     VPN Technology (7.5.8) 308     ISP Connectivity Options (7.5.9) 309         Single-Homed 309         Dual-Homed 309         Multihomed 309         Dual-Multihomed 310     Broadband Solution Comparison (7.5.10) 311 Summary (7.6) 312     Purpose of WANs 312     WAN Operations 312     Traditional WAN Connectivity 313     Modern WAN Connectivity 314     Internet-Based Connectivity 314 Practice 315 Check Your Understanding Questions 316 Chapter 8 VPN and IPsec Concepts 319 Objectives 319 Key Terms 319 Introduction (8.0) 321 VPN Technology (8.1) 321     Virtual Private Networks (8.1.1) 321     VPN Benefits (8.1.2) 322     Site-to-Site and Remote-Access VPNs (8.1.3) 323         Site-to-Site VPN 323         Remote-Access VPN 324     Enterprise and Service Provider VPNs (8.1.4) 324 Types of VPNs (8.2) 325     Remote-Access VPNs (8.2.1) 325     SSL VPNs (8.2.2) 326     Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs (8.2.3) 327     GRE over IPsec (8.2.4) 328     Dynamic Multipoint VPNs (8.2.5) 330     IPsec Virtual Tunnel Interface (8.2.6) 331     Service Provider MPLS VPNs (8.2.7) 332 IPsec (8.3) 333     IPsec Technologies (8.3.2) 333     IPsec Protocol Encapsulation (8.3.3) 336     Confidentiality (8.3.4) 336     Integrity (8.3.5) 338     Authentication (8.3.6) 339     Secure Key Exchange with Diffie-Hellman (8.3.7) 342 Summary (8.4) 344     VPN Technology 344     Types of VPNs 344     IPsec 344 Practice 345 Check Your Understanding Questions 345 Chapter 9 QoS Concepts 351 Objectives 351 Key Terms 351 Introduction (9.0) 353 Network Transmission Quality (9.1) 353     Prioritizing Traffic (9.1.2) 353     Bandwidth, Congestion, Delay, and Jitter (9.1.3) 354     Packet Loss (9.1.4) 355 Traffic Characteristics (9.2) 357     Network Traffic Trends (9.2.2) 357     Voice (9.2.3) 358     Video (9.2.4) 358     Data (9.2.5) 360 Queuing Algorithms (9.3) 361     Queuing Overview (9.3.2) 361     First-In, First Out (9.3.3) 362     Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) (9.3.4) 362         Limitations of WFQ 363     Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) (9.3.5) 364     Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) (9.3.6) 365 QoS Models (9.4) 366     Selecting an Appropriate QoS Policy Model (9.4.2) 366     Best Effort (9.4.3) 366     Integrated Services (9.4.4) 367     Differentiated Services (9.4.5) 369 QoS Implementation Techniques (9.5) 370     Avoiding Packet Loss (9.5.2) 371     QoS Tools (9.5.3) 371     Classification and Marking (9.5.4) 372     Marking at Layer 2 (9.5.5) 373     Marking at Layer 3 (9.5.6) 374     Type of Service and Traffic Class Field (9.5.7) 375     DSCP Values (9.5.8) 376     Class Selector Bits (9.5.9) 377     Trust Boundaries (9.5.10) 378     Congestion Avoidance (9.5.11) 379     Shaping and Policing (9.5.12) 380     QoS Policy Guidelines (9.5.13) 381 Summary (9.6) 382     Network Transmission Quality 382     Traffic Characteristics 382     Queuing Algorithms 383     QoS Models 383     QoS Implementation Techniques 384 Practice 385 Check Your Understanding Questions 385 Chapter 10 Network Management 389 Objectives 389 Key Terms 389 Introduction (10.0) 390 Device Discovery with CDP (10.1) 390     CDP Overview (10.1.1) 390     Configure and Verify CDP (10.1.2) 391     Discover Devices by Using CDP (10.1.3) 393 Device Discovery with LLDP (10.2) 396     LLDP Overview (10.2.1) 396     Configure and Verify LLDP (10.2.2) 397     Discover Devices by Using LLDP (10.2.3) 397 NTP (10.3) 400     Time and Calendar Services (10.3.1) 400     NTP Operation (10.3.2) 401         Stratum 0 402         Stratum 1 402         Stratum 2 and Lower 402     Configure and Verify NTP (10.3.3) 402 SNMP 405     Introduction to SNMP (10.4.1) 405     SNMP Operation (10.4.2) 406     SNMP Agent Traps (10.4.3) 408     SNMP Versions (10.4.4) 409     Community Strings (10.4.6) 412     MIB Object ID (10.4.7) 415     SNMP Polling Scenario (10.4.8) 415     SNMP Object Navigator (10.4.9) 417 Syslog (10.5) 418     Introduction to Syslog (10.5.1) 418     Syslog Operation (10.5.2) 420     Syslog Message Format (10.5.3) 421     Syslog Facilities (10.5.4) 422     Configure Syslog Timestamp (10.5.5) 422 Router and Switch File Maintenance (10.6) 423     Router File Systems (10.6.1) 424         The Flash File System 425         The NVRAM File System 425     Switch File Systems (10.6.2) 426     Use a Text File to Back Up a Configuration (10.6.3) 427     Use a Text File to Restore a Configuration (10.6.4) 428     Use TFTP to Back Up and Restore a Configuration (10.6.5) 428     USB Ports on a Cisco Router (10.6.6) 430     Use USB to Back Up and Restore a Configuration (10.6.7) 430         Restore Configurations with a USB Flash Drive 432     Password Recovery Procedures (10.6.8) 433     Password Recovery Example (10.6.9) 433         Step 1. Enter the ROMMON mode 433         Step 2. Change the configuration register 434         Step 3. Copy the startup-config to the running-config 434         Step 4. Change the password 435         Step 5. Save the running-config as the new startup-config 435         Step 6. Reload the device 435 IOS Image Management 437     TFTP Servers as a Backup Location (10.7.2) 437     Backup IOS Image to TFTP Server Example (10.7.3) 438         Step 1. Ping the TFTP server 438         Step 2. Verify image size in flash 439         Step 3. Copy the image to the TFTP server 439     Copy an IOS Image to a Device Example (10.7.4) 439         Step 1. Ping the TFTP server 440         Step 2. Verify the amount of free flash 440         Step 3. Copy the new IOS image to flash 441     The boot system Command (10.7.5) 441 Summary (10.8) 443     Device Discovery with CDP 443     Device Discovery with LLDP 443     NTP 443     SNMP 444     Syslog 444     Router and Switch File Maintenance 445     IOS Image Management 446 Practice 446 Check Your Understanding Questions 447 Chapter 11 Network Design 453 Objectives 453 Key Terms 453 Introduction (11.0) 455 Hierarchical Networks (11.1) 455     The Need to Scale the Network (11.1.2) 455     Borderless Switched Networks (11.1.3) 458     Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network (11.1.4) 459         Three-Tier Model 460         Two-Tier Model 461     Access, Distribution, and Core Layer Functions (11.1.5) 462         Access Layer 462         Distribution Layer 462         Core Layer 462     Three-Tier and Two-Tier Examples (11.1.6) 462         Three-Tier Example 463         Two-Tier Example 464     Role of Switched Networks (11.1.7) 464 Scalable Networks (11.2) 465     Design for Scalability (11.2.1) 465         Redundant Links 466         Multiple Links 466         Scalable Routing Protocol 467         Wireless Connectivity 468     Plan for Redundancy (11.2.2) 469     Reduce Failure Domain Size (11.2.3) 470         Edge Router 470         AP1 471         S1 472         S2 472         S3 473         Limiting the Size of Failure Domains 474         Switch Block Deployment 474     Increase Bandwidth (11.2.4) 474     Expand the Access Layer (11.2.5) 475     Tune Routing Protocols (11.2.6) 476 Switch Hardware (11.3) 477     Switch Platforms (11.3.1) 477         Campus LAN Switches 477         Cloud-Managed Switches 478         Data Center Switches 478         Service Provider Switches 479         Virtual Networking 479     Switch Form Factors (11.3.2) 479         Fixed Configuration Switches 480         Modular Configuration Switches 480         Stackable Configuration Switches 481         Thickness 481     Port Density (11.3.3) 482     Forwarding Rates (11.3.4) 483     Power over Ethernet (11.3.5) 484         Switch 484         IP Phone 484         WAP 485         Cisco Catalyst 2960-C 485     Multilayer Switching (11.3.6) 485     Business Considerations for Switch Selection (11.3.7) 486 Router Hardware (11.4) 487     Router Requirements (11.4.1) 487     Cisco Routers (11.4.2) 488         Branch Routers 488         Network Edge Routers 488         Service Provider Routers 489         Industrial 490     Router Form Factors (11.4.3) 490         Cisco 900 Series 490         ASR 9000 and 1000 Series 490         5500 Series 491         Cisco 800 492         Fixed Configuration or Modular 492 Summary (11.5) 493     Hierarchical Networks 493     Scalable Networks 493     Switch Hardware 494     Router Hardware 494 Practice 495 Check Your Understanding Questions 496 Chapter 12 Network Troubleshooting 501 Objectives 501 Key Terms 501 Introduction (12.0) 502 Network Documentation (12.1) 502     Documentation Overview (12.1.1) 502     Network Topology Diagrams (12.1.2) 503         Physical Topology 503         Logical IPv4 Topology 504         Logical IPv6 Topology 505     Network Device Documentation (12.1.3) 505         Router Device Documentation 505         LAN Switch Device Documentation 506         End-System Documentation Files 506     Establish a Network Baseline (12.1.4) 507     Step 1—Determine What Types of Data to Collect (12.1.5) 508     Step 2—Identify Devices and Ports of Interest (12.1.6) 508     Step 3—Determine the Baseline Duration (12.1.7) 509     Data Measurement (12.1.8) 510 Troubleshooting Process (12.2) 512     General Troubleshooting Procedures (12.2.1) 512     Seven-Step Troubleshooting Process (12.2.2) 513         Define the Problem 514         Gather Information 514         Analyze Information 514         Eliminate Possible Causes 514         Propose Hypothesis 514         Test Hypothesis 515         Solve the Problem 515     Question End Users (12.2.3) 515     Gather Information (12.2.4) 516     Troubleshooting with Layered Models (12.2.5) 517     Structured Troubleshooting Methods (12.2.6) 518         Bottom-Up 518         Top-Down 519         Divide-and-Conquer 520         Follow-the-Path 521         Substitution 522         Comparison 522         Educated Guess 522     Guidelines for Selecting a Troubleshooting Method (12.2.7) 523 Troubleshooting Tools (12.3) 524     Software Troubleshooting Tools (12.3.1) 524         Network Management System Tools 524         Knowledge Bases 524         Baselining Tools 524     Protocol Analyzers (12.3.2) 525     Hardware Troubleshooting Tools (12.3.3) 525         Digital Multimeters 525         Cable Testers 526         Cable Analyzers 527         Portable Network Analyzers 528         Cisco Prime NAM 528     Syslog Server as a Troubleshooting Tool (12.3.4) 529 Symptoms and Causes of Network Problems (12.4) 531     Physical Layer Troubleshooting (12.4.1) 531     Data Link Layer Troubleshooting (12.4.2) 534     Network Layer Troubleshooting (12.4.3) 537     Transport Layer Troubleshooting—ACLs (12.4.4) 539     Transport Layer Troubleshooting—NAT for IPv4 (12.4.5) 542     Application Layer Troubleshooting (12.4.6) 543 Troubleshooting IP Connectivity (12.5) 545     Components of Troubleshooting End-to-End Connectivity (12.5.1) 545     End-to-End Connectivity Problem Initiates Troubleshooting (12.5.2) 547         IPv4 ping 547         IPv4 traceroute 548         IPv6 ping and traceroute 548     Step 1—Verify the Physical Layer (12.5.3) 549         Input Queue Drops 550         Output Queue Drops 550         Input Errors 551         Output Errors 551     Step 2—Check for Duplex Mismatches (12.5.4) 551         Troubleshooting Example 552     Step 3—Verify Addressing on the Local Network (12.5.5) 553         Windows IPv4 ARP Table 553         Windows IPv6 Neighbor Table 554         IOS IPv6 Neighbor Table 555         Switch MAC Address Table 555     Troubleshoot VLAN Assignment Example (12.5.6) 556         Check the ARP Table 557         Check the Switch MAC Table 557         Correct the VLAN Assignment 557     Step 4—Verify Default Gateway (12.5.7) 558         Troubleshooting IPv4 Default Gateway Example 559         R1 Routing Table 559         PC1 Routing Table 559     Troubleshoot IPv6 Default Gateway Example (12.5.8) 560         R1 Routing Table 560         PC1 Addressing 560         Check R1 Interface Settings 561         Correct R1 IPv6 Routing 561         Verify PC1 Has an IPv6 Default Gateway 562     Step 5—Verify Correct Path (12.5.9) 562         Troubleshooting Example 566     Step 6—Verify the Transport Layer (12.5.10) 566         Troubleshooting Example 566     Step 7—Verify ACLs (12.5.11) 568         Troubleshooting Example 568         show ip access-lists 569         show ip interfaces 569         Correct the Issue 570     Step 8—Verify DNS (12.5.12) 570 Summary (12.6) 572     Network Documentation 572     Troubleshooting Process 572     Troubleshooting Tools 573     Symptoms and Causes of Network Problems 573     Troubleshooting IP Connectivity 574 Practice 577 Check Your Understanding Questions 577 Chapter 13 Network Virtualization 581 Objectives 581 Key Terms 581 Introduction (13.0) 583 Cloud Computing (13.1) 583     Cloud Overview (13.1.2) 583     Cloud Services (13.1.3) 584     Cloud Models (13.1.4) 584     Cloud Computing Versus Data Center (13.1.5) 585 Virtualization (13.2) 585     Cloud Computing and Virtualization (13.2.1) 585     Dedicated Servers (13.2.2) 586     Server Virtualization (13.2.3) 587     Advantages of Virtualization (13.2.4) 589     Abstraction Layers (13.2.5) 589     Type 2 Hypervisors (13.2.6) 591 Virtual Network Infrastructure (13.3) 592     Type 1 Hypervisors (13.3.1) 592     Installing a VM on a Hypervisor (13.3.2) 592     The Complexity of Network Virtualization (13.3.3) 594 Software-Defined Networking (13.4) 595     Control Plane and Data Plane (13.4.2) 595         Layer 3 Switch and CEF 596         SDN and Central Controller 597         Management Plane 598     Network Virtualization Technologies (13.4.3) 598     Traditional and SDN Architectures (13.4.4) 599 Controllers (13.5) 600     SDN Controller and Operations (13.5.1) 600     Core Components of ACI (13.5.3) 602     Spine-Leaf Topology (13.5.4) 603     SDN Types (13.5.5) 604         Device-Based SDN 604         Controller-Based SDN 605         Policy-Based SDN 605     APIC-EM Features (13.5.6) 606     APIC-EM Path Trace (13.5.7) 606 Summary (13.6) 609     Cloud Computing 609     Virtualization 609     Virtual Network Infrastructure 610     Software-Defined Networking 610     Controllers 611 Practice 612 Check Your Understanding Questions 613 Chapter 14 Network Automation 617 Objectives 617 Key Terms 617 Introduction (14.0) 619 Automation Overview (14.1) 619     The Increase in Automation (14.1.2) 619     Thinking Devices (14.1.3) 620 Data Formats (14.2) 620     The Data Formats Concept (14.2.2) 620     Data Format Rules (14.2.3) 622     Compare Data Formats (14.2.4) 623     JSON Data Format (14.2.5) 624     JSON Syntax Rules (14.2.6) 624     YAML Data Format (14.2.7) 626     XML Data Format (14.2.8) 627 APIs (14.3) 628     The API Concept (14.3.2) 628     An API Example (14.3.3) 629     Open, Internal, and Partner APIs (14.3.4) 631     Types of Web Service APIs (14.3.5) 632 REST (14.4) 633     REST and RESTful API (14.4.2) 633     RESTful Implementation (14.4.3) 634     URI, URN, and URL (14.4.4) 635     Anatomy of a RESTful Request (14.4.5) 636     RESTful API Applications (14.4.6) 638         Developer Website 638         Postman 638         Python 638         Network Operating Systems 638 Configuration Management Tools (14.5) 639     Traditional Network Configuration (14.5.2) 639     Network Automation (14.5.3) 641     Configuration Management Tools (14.5.4) 642     Compare Ansible, Chef, Puppet, and SaltStack (14.5.5) 642 IBN and Cisco DNA Center (14.6) 644     Intent-Based Networking Overview (14.6.2) 644     Network Infrastructure as Fabric (14.6.3) 644     Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA) (14.6.4) 647     Cisco DNA Center (14.6.5) 648 Summary (14.7) 651     Automation Overview 651     Data Formats 651     APIs 651     REST 651     Configuration and Management 652     IBN and Cisco DNA Center 652 Practice 652 Check Your Understanding Questions 653 Appendix A Answers to the “Check Your Understanding” Questions 657 Glossary 677 9780136634324    TOC    6/5/2020

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