Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, An

<h2>Table of Contents</h2> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering</strong> <ul> <li>1.1 Geotechnical Engineering</li> <li>1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials</li> <li>1.3 Scope of This Book</li> <li>1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering</li> <li>1.5 Suggested Approach to the Study of Geotechnical Engineering</li> <li>1.6 Notes on Symbols and Units</li> <li>1.7 Some Comments on How to Study in General</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 2 Index and Classification Properties of Soils</strong> <ul> <li>2.1 Introduction</li> <li>2.2 Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils</li> <li>2.3 Solution of Phase Problems <ul> <li>2.3.1 Submerged or Buoyant Density</li> <li>2.3.2 Unit Weight and Specific Gravity</li> </ul></li> <li>2.4 Soil Texture</li> <li>2.5 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution</li> <li>2.6 Particle Shape</li> <li>2.7 Atterberg Limits <ul> <li>2.7.1 Cone Liquid Limit</li> <li>2.7.2 One Point Liquid Limit Test</li> <li>2.7.3 Additional Comments on the Atterberg Limits</li> </ul></li> <li>2.8 Introduction To Soil Classification</li> <li>2.9 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) <ul> <li>2.9.1 Visual-Manual Classification of Soils</li> <li>2.9.2 What Else Can We Get From The LI-PI Chart?</li> <li>2.9.3 Limitations of the USCS</li> </ul></li> <li>2.10 AASHTO Soil Classification System</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 3 Geology, Landforms, and the Origin of Geo-Materials</strong> <ul> <li>3.1 Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering <ul> <li>3.1.1 Geology</li> <li>3.1.2 Geomorphology</li> <li>3.1.3 Engineering Geology</li> </ul></li> <li>3.2 The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure <ul> <li>3.2.1 The Earth</li> <li>3.2.2 Minerals</li> <li>3.2.3. Rocks</li> <li>3.2.4. Rock Structure</li> </ul></li> <li>3.3 Geologic Processes and Landforms <ul> <li>3.3.1 Geologic Processes and the Origin of Earthen Materials</li> <li>3.3.2 Weathering</li> <li>3.3.3. Gravity Processes</li> <li>3.3.4. Surface Water Processes</li> <li>3.3.5 Ice Processes and Glaciation</li> <li>3.3.6 Wind Processes</li> <li>3.3.7 Volcanic Processes</li> <li>3.3.8 Groundwater Processes</li> <li>3.3.9 Tectonic Processes</li> <li>3.3.10 Plutonic Processes</li> </ul></li> <li>3.4 Sources of Geologic Information</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 4 Clay Minerals, Soil and Rock Structures, and Rock Classification</strong> <ul> <li>4.1 Introduction</li> <li>4.2 Products of Weathering</li> <li>4.3 Clay Minerals <ul> <li>4.3.1 The 1:1 Clay Minerals</li> <li>4.3.2 The 2:1 Clay Minerals</li> <li>4.3.3 Other Clay Minerals</li> </ul></li> <li>4.4 Identification of Clay Minerals And Activity</li> <li>4.5 Specific Surface</li> <li>4.6 Interaction between Water and Clay Minerals <ul> <li>4.6.1 Hydration of Clay Minerals and the Diffuse Double Layer</li> <li>4.6.2 Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)</li> </ul></li> <li>4.7 Interaction of Clay Particles</li> <li>4.8 Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine Grained Soils <ul> <li>4.8.1 Fabrics of Fine Grained Soils</li> <li>4.8.2 Importance of Microfabric and Macrofabric; Description Criteria</li> </ul></li> <li>4.9 Granular Soil Fabrics</li> <li>4.10 Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons, and Soil Taxonomy</li> <li>4.11 Special Soil Deposits <ul> <li>4.11.1 Organic soils, peats, and muskeg</li> <li>4.11.2 Marine Soils</li> <li>4.11.3 Waste Materials and Contaminated Sites</li> </ul></li> <li>4.12 Transitional Materials: Hard Soils vs. Soft Rocks</li> <li>4.13 Properties, Macrostructure, and Classification of Rock Masses <ul> <li>4.13.1 Properties of Rock Masses</li> <li>4.13.2 Discontinuities in Rock</li> <li>4.13.3 Rock Mass Classification Systems</li> </ul></li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 5 Compaction and Stabilization of Soils</strong> <ul> <li>5.1 Introduction</li> <li>5.2 Compaction and Densification</li> <li>5.3 Theory of Compaction for Fine-Grained Soils <ul> <li>5.3.1 Process of Compaction</li> <li>5.3.2 Typical Values; Degree of Saturation</li> <li>5.3.3 Effect of Soil Type and Method of Compaction</li> </ul></li> <li>5.4 Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils</li> <li>5.5 Compaction of Granular Soils <ul> <li>5.5.1 Relative or Index Density</li> <li>5.5.2 Densification of Granular Deposits.</li> <li>5.5.3 Rock Fills</li> </ul></li> <li>5.6 Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures <ul> <li>5.6.1 Compaction of Fine-Grained Soils</li> <li>5.6.2 Compaction of Granular Materials</li> <li>5.6.3 Compaction Equipment Summary</li> <li>5.6.4 Compaction of Rockfill</li> </ul></li> <li>5.7 Specifications and Compaction Control <ul> <li>5.7.1 Specifications</li> <li>5.7.2 Compaction Control Tests</li> <li>5.7.3 Problems with Compaction Control Tests</li> <li>5.7.4 Most Efficient Compaction</li> <li>5.7.5Overcompaction</li> <li>5.7.6 Rockfill QA/QC</li> <li>5.7.7 Compaction in Trenches</li> </ul></li> <li>5.8 Estimating Performance of Compacted Soils</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 6 Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks</strong> <ul> <li>6.1 Introduction</li> <li>6.2 Capillarity <ul> <li>6.2.1 Capillary Rise and Capillary Pressures in Soils</li> <li>6.2.2 Measurement of Capillarity; Soil-Water Characteristic Curve</li> <li>6.2.3 Other Capillary Phenomena</li> </ul></li> <li>6.3 Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone <ul> <li>6.3.1 Definition</li> <li>6.3.2 Field Determination</li> </ul></li> <li>6.4 Shrinkage Phenomena in Soils <ul> <li>6.4.1 Capillary Tube Analogy</li> <li>6.4.2 Shrinkage Limit Test</li> <li>6.4.3 Shrinkage Properties of Compacted Clays</li> </ul></li> <li>6.5 Expansive Soils and Rocks <ul> <li>6.5.1 Physical-Chemical Aspects</li> <li>6.5.2 Identification and Prediction</li> <li>6.5.3 Expansive Properties of Compacted Clays</li> <li>6.5.4 Swelling Rocks</li> </ul></li> <li>6.6 Engineering Significance of Shrinkage and Swelling</li> <li>6.7 Collapsible Soils and Subsidence</li> <li>6.8 Frost Action <ul> <li>6.8.1 Terminology, Conditions, and Mechanisms of Frost Action</li> <li>6.8.2 Prediction and Identification of Frost Susceptible Soils</li> <li>6.8.3 Engineering Significance of Frozen Ground</li> </ul></li> <li>6.9 Intergranular or Effective Stress</li> <li>6.10 Vertical Stress Profiles</li> <li>6.11 Relationship between Horizontal and Vertical Stresses</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 7 Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock</strong> <ul> <li>7.1 Introduction</li> <li>7.2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow</li> <li>7.3 Darcy's Law for Flow through Porous Media</li> <li>7.4 Measurement of Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity <ul> <li>7.4.1 Laboratory and Field Hydraulic Conductivity Tests</li> <li>7.4.2 Factors Affecting Laboratory and Field Determination of K</li> <li>7.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Typical Values of K</li> </ul></li> <li>7.5 Heads and One-Dimensional Flow</li> <li>7.6 Seepage Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction <ul> <li>7.6.1 Seepage Forces, Critical Gradient, and Quicksand</li> <li>7.6.2 Quicksand Tank</li> <li>7.6.3 Liquefaction</li> </ul></li> <li>7.7 Seepage and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow <ul> <li>7.7.1 Flow Nets</li> <li>7.7.2 Quantity of Flow, Uplift Pressures, and Exit Gradients</li> <li>7.7.3 Other Solutions to Seepage Problems</li> <li>7.7.4 Anisotropic and Layered Flow</li> </ul></li> <li>7.8 Seepage towards Wells</li> <li>7.9 Seepage through Dams and Embankments</li> <li>7.10 Control of Seepage and Filters <ul> <li>7.10.1 Basic Filtration Principles</li> <li>7.10.2 Design of Graded Granular Filters</li> <li>7.10.3 Geotextile Filter Design Concepts</li> <li>7.10.4 FHWA Filter Design Procedure</li> </ul></li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 8 Compressibility of Soil and Rock</strong> <ul> <li>8.1 Introduction</li> <li>8.2 Components of Settlement</li> <li>8.3 Compressibility of Soils</li> <li>8.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing</li> <li>8.5 Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History <ul> <li>8.5.1 Normal Consolidation, Overconsolidation, and Preconsolidation Pressure</li> <li>8.5.2 Determining the Preconsolidation Pressure</li> <li>8.5.3 Stress History and Preconsolidation Pressure</li> </ul></li> <li>8.6 Consolidation Behavior of Natural and Compacted Soils</li> <li>8.7 Settlement Calculations <ul> <li>8.7.1 Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Soils</li> <li>8.7.2 Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated Soils</li> <li>8.7.3 Determining C_r and C_r_e</li> </ul></li> <li>8.8 Tangent Modulus Method</li> <li>8.9 Factors Affecting the Determination of sȼ_P</li> <li>8.10 Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves</li> <li>8.11 Soil Profiles</li> <li>8.12 Approximate Methods and Typical Values of Compression Indices</li> <li>8.13 Compressibility of Rock and Transitional Materials</li> <li>8.14 In Situ Determination f Compressibility</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 9 Time Rate of Consolidation</strong> <ul> <li>9.1 Introduction</li> <li>9.2 The Consolidation Process</li> <li>9.3 Terzaghi's One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory <ul> <li>9.3.1 Classic Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation</li> <li>9.3.2 Finite Difference Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation</li> </ul></li> <li>9.4 Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation C_v <ul> <li>9.4.1 Casagrande's Logarithm of Time Fitting Method</li> <li>9.4.2 Taylor's Square Root of Time Fitting Method</li> </ul></li> <li>9.5 Determination of the Coefficient Of Permeability</li> <li>9.6 Typical Values of the Coefficient Of Consolidation, C_v</li> <li>9.7 In Situ Determination of Consolidation Properties</li> <li>9.8 Evaluation of Secondary Settlement</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 10 Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis</strong> <ul> <li>10.1 Introduction</li> <li>10.2 Settlement Analysis of Shallow Foundations <ul> <li>10.2.1 Components of Settlement</li> <li>10.2.2 Steps in Settlement Analysis</li> </ul></li> <li>10.3 Stress Distribution</li> <li>10.4 Immediate Settlement</li> <li>10.5 Vertical Effective Overburden and Preconsolidation Stress Profiles</li> <li>10.6 Settlement Analysis Examples</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 11 The Mohr Circle, Failure Theories, and Strength Testing of Soil And Rocks</strong> <ul> <li>11.1 Introduction</li> <li>11.2 Stress at a Point</li> <li>11.3 Stress-Strain Relationships and Failure Criteria</li> <li>11.4 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion <ul> <li>11.4.1 Mohr Failure Theory</li> <li>11.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion</li> <li>11.4.3 Obliquity Relations</li> <li>11.4.4 Failure Criteria for Rock</li> </ul></li> <li>11.5 Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks <ul> <li>11.5.1 Direct Shear Test</li> <li>11.5.2 Triaxial Test</li> <li>11.5.3 Special Laboratory Soils Tests</li> <li>11.5.4 Laboratory Tests for Rock Strength</li> </ul></li> <li>11.6 In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks <ul> <li>11.6.1 Insitu Tests for Shear Strength of Soils</li> <li>11.6.2 Field Tests for Modulus and Strength of Rocks</li> </ul></li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 12 An Introduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock</strong> <ul> <li>12.1 Introduction</li> <li>12.2 Angle of Repose of Sands</li> <li>12.3 Behavior of Saturated Sands during Drained Shear</li> <li>12.4 Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change</li> <li>12.5 Factors that Affect the Shear Strength of Sands</li> <li>12.6 Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests <ul> <li>12.6.1 SPT</li> <li>12.6.2 CPT</li> <li>12.6.3 DMT</li> </ul></li> <li>12.7 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands</li> <li>12.8 Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils during Shear</li> <li>12.9 Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics <ul> <li>12.9.1 Consolidated-Drained (CD) Test Behavior</li> <li>12.9.2 Typical Values of Drained Strength Parameters for Saturated</li> <li>12.9.3 Use of CD Strength in Engineering Practice</li> </ul></li> <li>12.10 Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics <ul> <li>12.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Test Behavior</li> <li>12.10.2 Typical Value of the Undrained Strength Parameters</li> <li>12.10.3 Use of CU Strength In Engineering Practice</li> </ul></li> <li>12.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics <ul> <li>12.11.1 Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) Test Behavior</li> <li>12.11.2 Unconfined Compression Test</li> <li>12.11.3 Typical Values of UU and UCC Strengths</li> <li>12.11.4 Other Ways to Determine the Undrained Shear Strength</li> <li>12.11.5 Use of UU Strength in Engineering Practice</li> </ul></li> <li>12.12 Sensitivity</li> <li>12.13 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Clays</li> <li>12.14 Strength of Compacted Clays</li> <li>12.15 Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials</li> <li>12.16 Multistage Testing</li> <li>12.17 Introduction to Pore Pressure Parameters</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Chapter 13 Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks</strong> <ul> <li>13.1 Introduction</li> <li>13.2 Stress Paths</li> <li>13.3 Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths</li> <li>13.4 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Normally and Lightly Overconsolidated Clays</li> <li>13.5 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Heavily Overconsolidated Clays</li> <li>13.6 Applications of Stress Paths to Engineering Practice</li> <li>13.7 Critical State Soil Mechanics</li> <li>13.8 Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils <ul> <li>13.8.1 Modulus of Soils</li> <li>13.8.2 Constitutive Relations</li> <li>13.8.3 Soil Constitutive Modeling</li> <li>13.8.4 Failure Criteria for Soils</li> <li>13.8.5 Classes of Constitutive Models for Soils</li> <li>13.8.6 The Hyperbolic (Duncan-Chang) Model</li> </ul></li> <li>13.9 Fundamental Basis of the Drained Strength of Sands <ul> <li>13.9.1 Basics of Frictional Shear Strength</li> <li>13.9.2 Stress-Dilatancy and Energy Corrections</li> <li>13.9.3 Curvature of the Mohr Failure Envelope</li> </ul></li> <li>13.10 Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear <ul> <li>13.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained Behavior</li> <li>13.10.2 Using CD Tests to Predict CU Results</li> <li>13.10.3 Unconsolidated-Undrained Behavior</li> <li>13.10.4 Strain Rate Effects in Sands</li> </ul></li> <li>13.11 Plane Strain Behavior of Sands</li> <li>13.12 Residual Strength of Soils <ul> <li>13.12.1 Drained Residual Shear Strength of Clays</li> <li>13.12.2 Residual Shear Strength of Sands</li> </ul></li> <li>13.13 Stress-Deformation and Shear Strength of Clays: Special Topics <ul> <li>13.13.1 Definition of Failure in CU Effective Stress Tests</li> <li>13.13.2 Hvorslev Strength Parameters</li> <li>13.13.3 The t_F/sȼ_Vo Ratio, Stress History, and Jürgenson-Rutledge Hypothesis</li> <li>13.13.4 Consolidation Methods to Overcome Sample Disturbance</li> <li>13.13.5 Anisotropy</li> <li>13.13.6 Plane Strain Strength of Clays</li> <li>13.13.7 Strain Rate Effects</li> </ul></li> <li>13.14 Strength of Unsaturated Soils <ul> <li>13.14.1 Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soils</li> <li>13.14.2 The Soil-Water Characteristic Curve</li> <li>13.14.3 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope for Unsaturated Soils</li> <li>13.14.4 Shear Strength Measurement in Unsaturated Soils</li> </ul></li> <li>13.15 Properties of Soils under Dynamic Loading <ul> <li>13.15.1 Stress-Strain Response of Cyclically Loaded Soils</li> <li>13.15.2 Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties</li> <li>13.15.3 Empirical Estimates of G_max, Modulus Reduction, and Damping</li> <li>13.15.4 Strength of Dynamically Loaded Soils</li> </ul></li> <li>13.16 Failure Theories for Rock</li> <li>Problems</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p></p>