Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers (2-downloads)

<style>¿ </style> <p style="margin:0px;">Preface vii</p> <p style="margin:0px;">About the Author xii</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1 Materials for Engineering 1</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1.1 The Material World 1</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1.3 Six Materials That Changed Your World 3</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Steel Bridges–Introducing Metals 3</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Lucalox Lamps– Introducing Ceramics 5</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Optical Fibers– Introducing Glasses 9</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Nylon Parachutes– Introducing Polymers 11</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Kevlar®-Reinforced Tires– Introducing Composites 13</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Silicon Chips– Introducing Semiconductors 14</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials 15</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1.5 Looking at Materials by Powers of Ten 17</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Part I The Fundamentals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2 Atomic Bonding 23</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.1 Atomic Structure 23</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.2 The Ionic Bond 29</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Coordination Number 33</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.3 The Covalent Bond 41</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.4 The Metallic Bond 47</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.5 The Secondary, or van der Waals, Bond 49</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2.6 Materials– The Bonding Classification 52</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3 Crystalline Structure–Perfection 59</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.1 Seven Systems and Fourteen Lattices 59</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.2 Metal Structures 63</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.3 Ceramic Structures 67</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.4 Polymeric Structures 76</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.5 Semiconductor Structures 77</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.6 Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes 81</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3.7 X-Ray Diffraction 93</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4 Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure–Imperfection 104</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4.1 The Solid Solution– Chemical Imperfection 104</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4.2 Point Defects– Zero- Dimensional Imperfections 110</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4.3 Linear Defects, or Dislocations–One-Dimensional Imperfections 112</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4.4 Planar Defects–Two-DimensionalImperfections 114</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4.5 Noncrystalline Solids–Three-Dimensional Imperfections 118</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5 Diffusion 126</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5.1 Thermally Activated Processes 126</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5.2 Thermal Production of Point Defects 130</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5.3 Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion 132</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5.4 Steady-State Diffusion 142</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5.5 Alternate Diffusion Paths 146</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6 Mechanical Behavior 152</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.1 Stress Versus Strain 153 Metals 153</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ceramics and Glasses 164</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Polymers 168</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.2 Elastic Deformation 173</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.3 Plastic Deformation 174</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.4 Hardness 181</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.5 Creep and Stress Relaxation 185</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6.6 Viscoelastic Deformation 192</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Inorganic Glasses 194</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Organic Polymers 196</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Elastomers 199</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7 Thermal Behavior 210</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7.1 Heat Capacity 210</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7.2 Thermal Expansion 213</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7.3 Thermal Conductivity 216</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7.4 Thermal Shock 221</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8 Failure Analysis and Prevention 227</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8.1 Impact Energy 228</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8.2 Fracture Toughness 233</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8.3 Fatigue 237</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8.4 Nondestructive Testing 246</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8.5 Failure Analysis and Prevention 249</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9 Phase Diagrams–Equilibrium Microstructural Development 257</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9.1 The Phase Rule 258</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9.2 The Phase Diagram 261</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Complete Solid Solution 262</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Eutectic Diagram with No Solid Solution 265</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Eutectic Diagram with Limited Solid Solution 267</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Eutectoid Diagram 270</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Peritectic Diagram 271</p> <p style="margin:0px;">General Binary Diagrams 275</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9.3 The Lever Rule 281</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9.4 Microstructural Development During Slow Cooling 285</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10 Kinetics– Heat Treatment 304</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.1 Time–The Third Dimension 304</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.2 The TTT Diagram 309</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Diffusional Transformations 310</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Diffusionless (Martensitic) Transformations 311</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Heat Treatment of Steel 316</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.3 Hardenability 324</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.4 Precipitation Hardening 327</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.5 Annealing 331</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Cold Work 331</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Recovery 332</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Recrystallization 332</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Grain Growth 334</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10.6 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for Nonmetals 335</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Part II Materials and Their Applications</p> <p style="margin:0px;">11 Structural Materials– Metals, Ceramics, and Glasses 349</p> <p style="margin:0px;">11.1 Metals 349</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ferrous Alloys 350</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Nonferrous Alloys 356</p> <p style="margin:0px;">11.2 Ceramics and Glasses 360</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ceramics–Crystalline Materials 361</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Glasses–Noncrystalline Materials 362</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Glass- Ceramics 364</p> <p style="margin:0px;">11.3 Processing the Structural Materials 366</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Processing of Metals 367</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Processing of Ceramics and Glasses 374</p> <p style="margin:0px;">12 Structural Materials–Polymers and Composites 383</p> <p style="margin:0px;">12.1 Polymers 383</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Polymerization 384</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Structural Features of Polymers 389</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Thermoplastic Polymers 393</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Thermosetting Polymers 394</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Additives 396</p> <p style="margin:0px;">12.2 Composites 398</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Fiber-Reinforced Composites 398</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Aggregate Composites 404</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Property Averaging 406</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Mechanical Properties of Composites 412</p> <p style="margin:0px;">12.3 Processing the Structural Materials 417</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Processing of Polymers 417</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Processing of Composites 420</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13 Electronic Materials 429</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.1 Charge Carriers and Conduction 430</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.2 Energy Levels and Energy Bands 434</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.3 Conductors 440</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Thermocouples 443</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Superconductors 444</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.4 Insulators 452</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ferroelectrics 453</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Piezoelectrics 456</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.5 Semiconductors 460</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Intrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors 461</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Extrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors 466</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Compound Semiconductors 478</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Processing of Semiconductors 482</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Semiconductor Devices 485</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.6 Composites 495</p> <p style="margin:0px;">13.7 Electrical Classification of Materials 496</p> <p style="margin:0px;">14 Optical and Magnetic Materials 504</p> <p style="margin:0px;">14.1 Optical Materials 505</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Optical Properties 508</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Optical Systems and Devices 518</p> <p style="margin:0px;">14.2 Magnetic Materials 526</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ferromagnetism 530</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ferrimagnetism 536</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Metallic Magnets 540</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ceramic Magnets 546</p> <p style="margin:0px;">15 Materials in Engineering Design 557</p> <p style="margin:0px;">15.1 Material Properties–Engineering Design Parameters 557</p> <p style="margin:0px;">15.2 Selection of Structural Materials–Case Studies 562</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Materials for Hip-and Knee-Joint Replacement 563</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Metal Substitution with Composites 566</p> <p style="margin:0px;">15.3 Selection of Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials–Case</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Studies 567</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Light-Emitting Diode 568</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Glass for Smart Phone and Tablet Touch Screens 571</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Amorphous Metal for Electric-Power Distribution 572</p> <p style="margin:0px;">15.4 Materials and Our Environment 573</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Environmental Degradation of Materials 573</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Environmental Aspects of Design 589</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Recycling 592</p> <p style="margin:0px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 1</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Physical and Chemical Data for the Elements A-1</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 2 Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements A-4</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 3 Constants and Conversion Factors A- 7</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 4 Properties of the Structural Materials A-8</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 5 Properties of the Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials A-17</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Appendix 6 Glossary A-22</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Answers to Practice Problems (PP) and Odd-Numbered Problems </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Index </p>