Student Solutions Manual for College Physics

Table of Contents

PART I Force and Motion

OVERVIEW The Science of Physics

1. Representing Motion
   • 1.1 Motion: A First Look
   • 1.2 Models and Modeling
   • 1.3 Position and Time: Putting Numbers on Nature
   • 1.4 Velocity
   • 1.5 A Sense of Scale: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, and Units
   • 1.6 Vectors and Motion: A First Look
   • 1.7 Where Do We Go from Here?
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Motion in One Dimension
   • 2.1 Describing Motion
   • 2.2 Uniform Motion
   • 2.3 Instantaneous Velocity
   • 2.4 Acceleration
   • 2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration
   • 2.6 Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems
   • 2.7 Free Fall
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
   • 4.1 Motion and Forces
   • 4.2 A Short Catalog of Forces
   • 4.3 Identifying Forces
   • 4.4 What Do Forces Do?
   • 4.5 Newton’s Second Law
   • 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams
   • 4.7 Newton’s Third Law
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
4. Applying Newton’s Laws
   • 5.1 Equilibrium
   • 5.2 Dynamics and Newton’s
   • Second Law
   • 5.3 Mass and Weight
   • 5.4 Normal Forces
   • 5.5 Friction
   • 5.6 Drag
   • 5.7 Interacting Objects
   • 5.8 Ropes and Pulleys
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
5. Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity
   • 6.1 Uniform Circular Motion
   • 6.2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
   • 6.3 Apparent Forces in Circular Motion
   • 6.4 Circular Orbits and Weightlessness
   • 6.5 Newton’s Law of Gravity
   • 6.6 Gravity and Orbits
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
6. Rotational Motion
   • 7.1 Describing Circular and Rotational Motion
   • 7.2 The Rotation of a Rigid Body
   • 7.3 Torque
   • 7.4 Gravitational Torque and the Center of Gravity
   • 7.5 Rotational Dynamics and Moment of Inertia
   • 7.6 Using Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
   • 7.7 Rolling Motion
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
7. Equilibrium and Elasticity
   • 8.1 Torque and Static Equilibrium
   • 8.2 Stability and Balance
   • 8.3 Springs and Hooke’s Law
   • 8.4 Stretching and Compressing Materials
   • 8.5 Forces and Torques in the Body
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART I SUMMARY Force and Motion
   • ONE STEP BEYOND Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe
   • PART I PROBLEMS

Detailed Contents

PART II Conservation Laws

OVERVIEW Why Some Things Stay the Same

1. Momentum
   • 9.1 Impulse
   • 9.2 Momentum and the Impulse-Momentum Theorem
   • 9.3 Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems
   • 9.4 Conservation of Momentum
   • 9.5 Inelastic Collisions
   • 9.6 Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions
   • 9.7 Angular Momentum
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Energy and Work
   • 10.1 The Basic Energy Model
   • 10.2 Work
   • 10.3 Kinetic Energy
   • 10.4 Potential Energy
   • 10.5 Thermal Energy
   • 10.6 Conservation of Energy
   • 10.7 Energy Diagrams
   • 10.8 Molecular Bonds and Chemical Energy
   • 10.9 Energy in Collisions
   • 10.10 Power
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Using Energy
   • 11.1 Transforming Energy
   • 11.2 Energy in the Body
   • 11.3 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
   • 11.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
   • 11.5 Heat Engines
   • 11.6 Heat Pumps
   • 11.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
   • 11.8 Systems, Energy, and Entropy
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART II SUMMARY Conservation Laws
   • ONE STEP BEYOND Order Out of Chaos
   • PART II PROBLEMS

PART III Properties of Matter

OVERVIEW Beyond the Particle Model

1. Thermal Properties of Matter
   • 12.1 The Atomic Model of Matter
   • 12.2 The Atomic Model of an Ideal Gas
   • 12.3 Ideal-Gas Processes
   • 12.4 Thermal Expansion
   • 12.5 Specific Heat and Heat of Transformation
   • 12.6 Calorimetry
   • 12.7 Specific Heats of Gases
   • 12.8 Heat Transfer
   • 12.9 Diffusion
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Fluids
   • 13.1 Fluids and Density
   • 13.2 Pressure
   • 13.3 Buoyancy
   • 13.4 Fluids in Motion
   • 13.5 Fluid Dynamics
   • 13.6 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation
   • 13.7 The Circulatory System
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART III SUMMARY Properties of Matter
   • ONE STEP BEYOND Size and Life
   • PART III PROBLEMS

PART IV Oscillations and Waves

OVERVIEW Motion That Repeats Again and Again

1. OSCILLATIONS
   • 14.1 Equilibrium and Oscillation
   • 14.2 Linear Restoring Forces and SHM
   • 14.3 Describing Simple Harmonic Motion
   • 14.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
   • 14.5 Pendulum Motion
   • 14.6 Damped Oscillations
   • 14.7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Traveling Waves and Sound
   • 15.1 The Wave Model
   • 15.2 Traveling Waves
   • 15.3 Graphical and Mathematical
   • Descriptions of Waves
   • 15.4 Sound and Light Waves
   • 15.5 Energy and Intensity
   • 15.6 Loudness of Sound
   • 15.7 The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Superposition and Standing Waves
   • 16.1 The Principle of Superposition
   • 16.2 Standing Waves
   • 16.3 Standing Waves on a String
   • 16.4 Standing Sound Waves
   • 16.5 Speech and Hearing
   • 16.6 The Interference of Waves from Two Sources
   • 16.7 Beats
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART IV SUMMARY Oscillations and Waves
   • ONE STEP BEYOND Waves in the Earth and the Ocean
   • PART IV PROBLEMS

PART V Optics

OVERVIEW Light Is a Wave

1. Wave Optics
   • 17.1 What Is Light?
   • 17.2 The Interference of Light
   • 17.3 The Diffraction Grating
   • 17.4 Thin-Film Interference
   • 17.5 Single-Slit Diffraction
   • 17.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Ray Optics
   • 18.1 The Ray Model of Light
   • 18.2 Reflection
   • 18.3 Refraction
   • 18.4 Image Formation by Refraction
   • 18.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
   • 18.6 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
   • 18.7 The Thin-Lens Equation
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Optical Instruments
   • 19.1 The Camera
   • 19.2 The Human Eye
   • 19.3 The Magnifier
   • 19.4 The Microscope
   • 19.5 The Telescope
   • 19.6 Color and Dispersion
   • 19.7 Resolution of Optical Instruments
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART V SUMMARY Optics
   • ONE STEP BEYOND Scanning Confocal Microscopy
   • PART V PROBLEMS

PART VI Electricity and Magnetism

OVERVIEW Charges, Currents, and Fields

1. Electric Fields and Forces
   • 20.1 Charges and Forces
   • 20.2 Charges, Atoms, and Molecules
   • 20.3 Coulomb’s Law
   • 20.4 The Concept of the Electric Field
   • 20.5 The Electric Field from Arrangements of Charges
   • 20.6 Conductors and Electric Fields
   • 20.7 Forces and Torques in Electric Fields
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Electric Potential
   • 21.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential
   • 21.2 Sources of Electric Potential
   • 21.3 Electric Potential and Conservation of Energy
   • 21.4 Calculating the Electric Potential
   • 21.5 Connecting Potential and Field
   • 21.6 The Electrocardiogram
   • 21.7 Capacitance and Capacitors
   • 21.8 Energy and Capacitors
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Current and Resistance
   • 22.1 A Model of Current
   • 22.2 Defining and Describing Current
   • 22.3 Batteries and emf
   • 22.4 Connecting Potential and Current
   • 22.5 Ohm’s Law and Resistor Circuits
   • 22.6 Energy and Power
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
4. Circuits
   • 23.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
   • 23.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws
   • 23.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
   • 23.4 Measuring Voltage and Current
   • 23.5 More Complex Circuits
   • 23.6 Capacitors in Parallel and Series
   • 23.7 RC Circuits
   • 23.8 Electricity in the Nervous System
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
5. Magnetic Fields and Forces
   • 24.1 Magnetism
   • 24.2 The Magnetic Field
   • 24.3 Electric Currents Also Create Magnetic Fields
   • 24.4 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current
   • 24.5 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Moving Charges
   • Detailed Contents
   • 24.6 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents
   • 24.7 Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Dipoles
   • 24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
6. EM Induction and EM Waves
   • 25.1 Induced Currents
   • 25.2 Motional emf
   • 25.3 Magnetic Flux and Lenz’s Law
   • 25.4 Faraday’s Law
   • 25.5 Electromagnetic Waves
   • 25.6 The Photon Model of Electromagnetic Waves
   • 25.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
7. AC Electricity
   • 26.1 Alternating Current
   • 26.2 AC Electricity and Transformers
   • 26.3 Household Electricity
   • 26.4 Biological Effects and Electrical Safety
   • 26.5 Capacitor Circuits
   • 26.6 Inductors and Inductor Circuits
   • 26.7 Oscillation Circuits
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART VI SUMMARY Electricity and Magnetism
   • ONE STEP BEYOND The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
   • PART VI PROBLEMS

PART VII Modern Physics

OVERVIEW New Ways of Looking at the World

1. Relativity
   • 27.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?
   • 27.2 Galilean Relativity
   • 27.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
   • 27.4 Events and Measurements
   • 27.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity
   • 27.6 Time Dilation
   • 27.7 Length Contraction
   • 27.8 Velocities of Objects in Special Relativity
   • 27.9 Relativistic Momentum
   • 27.10 Relativistic Energy
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
2. Quantum Physics
   • 28.1 X Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
   • 28.2 The Photoelectric Effect
   • 28.3 Photons
   • 28.4 Matter Waves
   • 28.5 Energy Is Quantized
   • 28.6 Energy Levels and Quantum Jumps
   • 28.7 The Uncertainty Principle
   • 28.8 Applications and Implications of Quantum Theory
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
3. Atoms and Molecules
   • 29.1 Spectroscopy
   • 29.2 Atoms
   • 29.3 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
   • 29.4 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
   • 29.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Hydrogen Atom
   • 29.6 Multi-electron Atoms
   • 29.7 Excited States and Spectra
   • 29.8 Molecules
   • 29.9 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
4. Nuclear Physics
   • 30.1 Nuclear Structure
   • 30.2 Nuclear Stability
   • 30.3 Forces and Energy in the Nucleus
   • 30.4 Radiation and Radioactivity
   • 30.5 Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives
   • 30.6 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
   • 30.7 The Ultimate Building Blocks of Matter
   • SUMMARY
   • QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
   • PART VII SUMMARY Modern Physics
   • ONE STEP BEYOND The Physics of Very Cold Atoms
   • PART VII PROBLEMS

Appendix A Mathematics Review

Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements

Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems