Student Workbook for College Physics

<h2>Table of Contents</h2> <p> </p> <h3>PART I Force and Motion</h3> OVERVIEW The Science of Physics <ol> <li><strong>Representing Motion</strong> <ul> <li>1.1 Motion: A First Look</li> <li>1.2 Models and Modeling</li> <li>1.3 Position and Time: Putting Numbers on Nature</li> <li>1.4 Velocity</li> <li>1.5 A Sense of Scale: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, and Units</li> <li>1.6 Vectors and Motion: A First Look</li> <li>1.7 Where Do We Go from Here?</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Motion in One Dimension </strong> <ul> <li>2.1 Describing Motion</li> <li>2.2 Uniform Motion</li> <li>2.3 Instantaneous Velocity</li> <li>2.4 Acceleration</li> <li>2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration</li> <li>2.6 Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems</li> <li>2.7 Free Fall</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion </strong> <ul> <li>4.1 Motion and Forces</li> <li>4.2 A Short Catalog of Forces</li> <li>4.3 Identifying Forces</li> <li>4.4 What Do Forces Do?</li> <li>4.5 Newton’s Second Law</li> <li>4.6 Free-Body Diagrams</li> <li>4.7 Newton’s Third Law</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Applying Newton’s Laws </strong> <ul> <li>5.1 Equilibrium</li> <li>5.2 Dynamics and Newton’s</li> <li>Second Law</li> <li>5.3 Mass and Weight</li> <li>5.4 Normal Forces</li> <li>5.5 Friction</li> <li>5.6 Drag</li> <li>5.7 Interacting Objects</li> <li>5.8 Ropes and Pulleys</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity </strong> <ul> <li>6.1 Uniform Circular Motion</li> <li>6.2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion</li> <li>6.3 Apparent Forces in Circular Motion</li> <li>6.4 Circular Orbits and Weightlessness</li> <li>6.5 Newton’s Law of Gravity</li> <li>6.6 Gravity and Orbits</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Rotational Motion </strong> <ul> <li>7.1 Describing Circular and Rotational Motion</li> <li>7.2 The Rotation of a Rigid Body</li> <li>7.3 Torque</li> <li>7.4 Gravitational Torque and the Center of Gravity</li> <li>7.5 Rotational Dynamics and Moment of Inertia</li> <li>7.6 Using Newton’s Second Law for Rotation</li> <li>7.7 Rolling Motion</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Equilibrium and Elasticity </strong> <ul> <li>8.1 Torque and Static Equilibrium</li> <li>8.2 Stability and Balance</li> <li>8.3 Springs and Hooke’s Law</li> <li>8.4 Stretching and Compressing Materials</li> <li>8.5 Forces and Torques in the Body</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART I SUMMARY Force and Motion</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe</li> <li>PART I PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <p></p> <p></p> <h2>Detailed Contents</h2> <h3>PART II Conservation Laws</h3> OVERVIEW Why Some Things Stay the Same <ol> <li><strong>Momentum </strong> <ul> <li>9.1 Impulse</li> <li>9.2 Momentum and the Impulse-Momentum Theorem</li> <li>9.3 Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems</li> <li>9.4 Conservation of Momentum</li> <li>9.5 Inelastic Collisions</li> <li>9.6 Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions</li> <li>9.7 Angular Momentum</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Energy and Work </strong> <ul> <li>10.1 The Basic Energy Model</li> <li>10.2 Work</li> <li>10.3 Kinetic Energy</li> <li>10.4 Potential Energy</li> <li>10.5 Thermal Energy</li> <li>10.6 Conservation of Energy</li> <li>10.7 Energy Diagrams</li> <li>10.8 Molecular Bonds and Chemical Energy</li> <li>10.9 Energy in Collisions</li> <li>10.10 Power</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Using Energy </strong> <ul> <li>11.1 Transforming Energy</li> <li>11.2 Energy in the Body</li> <li>11.3 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat</li> <li>11.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics</li> <li>11.5 Heat Engines</li> <li>11.6 Heat Pumps</li> <li>11.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics</li> <li>11.8 Systems, Energy, and Entropy</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART II SUMMARY Conservation Laws</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND Order Out of Chaos</li> <li>PART II PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>PART III Properties of Matter</h3> OVERVIEW Beyond the Particle Model <ol> <li><strong>Thermal Properties of Matter </strong> <ul> <li>12.1 The Atomic Model of Matter</li> <li>12.2 The Atomic Model of an Ideal Gas</li> <li>12.3 Ideal-Gas Processes</li> <li>12.4 Thermal Expansion</li> <li>12.5 Specific Heat and Heat of Transformation</li> <li>12.6 Calorimetry</li> <li>12.7 Specific Heats of Gases</li> <li>12.8 Heat Transfer</li> <li>12.9 Diffusion</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Fluids </strong> <ul> <li>13.1 Fluids and Density</li> <li>13.2 Pressure</li> <li>13.3 Buoyancy</li> <li>13.4 Fluids in Motion</li> <li>13.5 Fluid Dynamics</li> <li>13.6 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation</li> <li>13.7 The Circulatory System</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART III SUMMARY Properties of Matter</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND Size and Life</li> <li>PART III PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>PART IV Oscillations and Waves</h3> OVERVIEW Motion That Repeats Again and Again <ol> <li><strong>OSCILLATIONS </strong> <ul> <li>14.1 Equilibrium and Oscillation</li> <li>14.2 Linear Restoring Forces and SHM</li> <li>14.3 Describing Simple Harmonic Motion</li> <li>14.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion</li> <li>14.5 Pendulum Motion</li> <li>14.6 Damped Oscillations</li> <li>14.7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Traveling Waves and Sound </strong> <ul> <li>15.1 The Wave Model</li> <li>15.2 Traveling Waves</li> <li>15.3 Graphical and Mathematical</li> <li>Descriptions of Waves</li> <li>15.4 Sound and Light Waves</li> <li>15.5 Energy and Intensity</li> <li>15.6 Loudness of Sound</li> <li>15.7 The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Superposition and Standing Waves </strong> <ul> <li>16.1 The Principle of Superposition</li> <li>16.2 Standing Waves</li> <li>16.3 Standing Waves on a String</li> <li>16.4 Standing Sound Waves</li> <li>16.5 Speech and Hearing</li> <li>16.6 The Interference of Waves from Two Sources</li> <li>16.7 Beats</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART IV SUMMARY Oscillations and Waves</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND Waves in the Earth and the Ocean</li> <li>PART IV PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>PART V Optics</h3> OVERVIEW Light Is a Wave <ol> <li><strong>Wave Optics </strong> <ul> <li>17.1 What Is Light?</li> <li>17.2 The Interference of Light</li> <li>17.3 The Diffraction Grating</li> <li>17.4 Thin-Film Interference</li> <li>17.5 Single-Slit Diffraction</li> <li>17.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Ray Optics </strong> <ul> <li>18.1 The Ray Model of Light</li> <li>18.2 Reflection</li> <li>18.3 Refraction</li> <li>18.4 Image Formation by Refraction</li> <li>18.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing</li> <li>18.6 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors</li> <li>18.7 The Thin-Lens Equation</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Optical Instruments </strong> <ul> <li>19.1 The Camera</li> <li>19.2 The Human Eye</li> <li>19.3 The Magnifier</li> <li>19.4 The Microscope</li> <li>19.5 The Telescope</li> <li>19.6 Color and Dispersion</li> <li>19.7 Resolution of Optical Instruments</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART V SUMMARY Optics</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND Scanning Confocal Microscopy</li> <li>PART V PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>PART VI Electricity and Magnetism</h3> OVERVIEW Charges, Currents, and Fields <ol> <li><strong>Electric Fields and Forces </strong> <ul> <li>20.1 Charges and Forces</li> <li>20.2 Charges, Atoms, and Molecules</li> <li>20.3 Coulomb’s Law</li> <li>20.4 The Concept of the Electric Field</li> <li>20.5 The Electric Field from Arrangements of Charges</li> <li>20.6 Conductors and Electric Fields</li> <li>20.7 Forces and Torques in Electric Fields</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Electric Potential </strong> <ul> <li>21.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential</li> <li>21.2 Sources of Electric Potential</li> <li>21.3 Electric Potential and Conservation of Energy</li> <li>21.4 Calculating the Electric Potential</li> <li>21.5 Connecting Potential and Field</li> <li>21.6 The Electrocardiogram</li> <li>21.7 Capacitance and Capacitors</li> <li>21.8 Energy and Capacitors</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Current and Resistance </strong> <ul> <li>22.1 A Model of Current</li> <li>22.2 Defining and Describing Current</li> <li>22.3 Batteries and emf</li> <li>22.4 Connecting Potential and Current</li> <li>22.5 Ohm’s Law and Resistor Circuits</li> <li>22.6 Energy and Power</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Circuits </strong> <ul> <li>23.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams</li> <li>23.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws</li> <li>23.3 Series and Parallel Circuits</li> <li>23.4 Measuring Voltage and Current</li> <li>23.5 More Complex Circuits</li> <li>23.6 Capacitors in Parallel and Series</li> <li>23.7 RC Circuits</li> <li>23.8 Electricity in the Nervous System</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Magnetic Fields and Forces </strong> <ul> <li>24.1 Magnetism</li> <li>24.2 The Magnetic Field</li> <li>24.3 Electric Currents Also Create Magnetic Fields</li> <li>24.4 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current</li> <li>24.5 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Moving Charges</li> <li>Detailed Contents</li> <li>24.6 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents</li> <li>24.7 Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Dipoles</li> <li>24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>EM Induction and EM Waves </strong> <ul> <li>25.1 Induced Currents</li> <li>25.2 Motional emf</li> <li>25.3 Magnetic Flux and Lenz’s Law</li> <li>25.4 Faraday’s Law</li> <li>25.5 Electromagnetic Waves</li> <li>25.6 The Photon Model of Electromagnetic Waves</li> <li>25.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>AC Electricity </strong> <ul> <li>26.1 Alternating Current</li> <li>26.2 AC Electricity and Transformers</li> <li>26.3 Household Electricity</li> <li>26.4 Biological Effects and Electrical Safety</li> <li>26.5 Capacitor Circuits</li> <li>26.6 Inductors and Inductor Circuits</li> <li>26.7 Oscillation Circuits</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART VI SUMMARY Electricity and Magnetism</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming</li> <li>PART VI PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>PART VII Modern Physics</h3> OVERVIEW New Ways of Looking at the World <ol> <li><strong>Relativity </strong> <ul> <li>27.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?</li> <li>27.2 Galilean Relativity</li> <li>27.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity</li> <li>27.4 Events and Measurements</li> <li>27.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity</li> <li>27.6 Time Dilation</li> <li>27.7 Length Contraction</li> <li>27.8 Velocities of Objects in Special Relativity</li> <li>27.9 Relativistic Momentum</li> <li>27.10 Relativistic Energy</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Quantum Physics </strong> <ul> <li>28.1 X Rays and X-Ray Diffraction</li> <li>28.2 The Photoelectric Effect</li> <li>28.3 Photons</li> <li>28.4 Matter Waves</li> <li>28.5 Energy Is Quantized</li> <li>28.6 Energy Levels and Quantum Jumps</li> <li>28.7 The Uncertainty Principle</li> <li>28.8 Applications and Implications of Quantum Theory</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Atoms and Molecules </strong> <ul> <li>29.1 Spectroscopy</li> <li>29.2 Atoms</li> <li>29.3 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization</li> <li>29.4 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom</li> <li>29.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Hydrogen Atom</li> <li>29.6 Multi-electron Atoms</li> <li>29.7 Excited States and Spectra</li> <li>29.8 Molecules</li> <li>29.9 Stimulated Emission and Lasers</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Nuclear Physics </strong> <ul> <li>30.1 Nuclear Structure</li> <li>30.2 Nuclear Stability</li> <li>30.3 Forces and Energy in the Nucleus</li> <li>30.4 Radiation and Radioactivity</li> <li>30.5 Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives</li> <li>30.6 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics</li> <li>30.7 The Ultimate Building Blocks of Matter</li> <li>SUMMARY</li> <li>QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS</li> <li>PART VII SUMMARY Modern Physics</li> <li>ONE STEP BEYOND The Physics of Very Cold Atoms</li> <li>PART VII PROBLEMS</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>Appendix A Mathematics Review</h3> <h3>Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements</h3> <h3>Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data</h3> <h4>Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems</h4> <p></p>