A Multi-Wavelength History of Astronomical Surveys

This book presents an accessible history of astronomical surveys across the electromagnetic spectrum and beyond. Beginning with classical visual surveys of the sky, it then moves on to surveys using telescopes in the 17th century onwards, those using photographic images in the 19th century onwards, and then the incredible expansion of techniques in the 20th century to the present day. where surveys now look beyond visible light into other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (including radio, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray regimes). Recent surveys also make use of electronic detectors, as well as space-based telescopes, to complement those on the ground. More than 350 surveys and catalogues encompassing imaging, astrometry, photometry, and spectroscopy are all comprehensively described. Chapters also go beyond electromagnetic radiation to discuss other forms of astronomical surveys, including those using neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational radiation. This book also considers the range of online meta-catalogues and data archives that now exist and reflects on recent developments in machine learning and citizen science that are necessary to deal with astronomical “big data”. Interspersed within the chapters are a series of feature boxes that explain the exciting astrophysical concepts and phenomena revealed by surveys. This format enables the book to be read by anyone with an interest in astronomy, even if they have not previously studied the astrophysics of the objects that make up the Universe. This book is non-mathematical in nature and can also be used as an introduction to the tools and practices of astronomy for undergraduate science students. Key features:Presents a comprehensive history of more than 350 astronomical surveys and catalogues across the electromagnetic spectrum and beyondContains over 30 feature boxes that describe key astronomical concepts and phenomena revealed by the surveysUses a non-technical and non-mathematical approach, which is nonetheless quantitative throughout