Bad Arguments – 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy
100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy
Gebonden Engels 2018 9781119165781Samenvatting
A timely and accessible guide to 100 of the most infamous logical fallacies in Western philosophy, helping readers avoid and detect false assumptions and faulty reasoning
You ll love this book or you ll hate it. So, you re either with us or against us. And if you re against us then you hate books. No true intellectual would hate this book.
Ever decide to avoid a restaurant because of one bad meal? Choose a product because a celebrity endorsed it? Or ignore what a politician says because she s not a member of your party? For as long as people have been discussing, conversing, persuading, advocating, proselytizing, pontificating, or otherwise stating their case, their arguments have been vulnerable to false assumptions and faulty reasoning. Drawing upon a long history of logical falsehoods and philosophical flubs, Bad Arguments demonstrates how misguided arguments come to be, and what we can do to detect them in the rhetoric of others and avoid using them ourselves.
Fallacies or conclusions that don t follow from their premise are at the root of most bad arguments, but it can be easy to stumble into a fallacy without realizing it. In this clear and concise guide to good arguments gone bad, Robert Arp, Steven Barbone, and Michael Bruce take readers through 100 of the most infamous fallacies in Western philosophy, identifying the most common missteps, pitfalls, and dead–ends of arguments gone awry. Whether an instance of sunk costs, is ought, affirming the consequent, moving the goal post, begging the question, or the ever–popular slippery slope, each fallacy engages with examples drawn from contemporary politics, economics, media, and popular culture. Further diagrams and tables supplement entries and contextualize common errors in logical reasoning.
At a time in our world when it is crucial to be able to identify and challenge rhetorical half–truths, this bookhelps readers to better understand flawed argumentation and develop logical literacy. Unrivaled in its breadth of coverage and a worthy companion to its sister volume Just the Arguments (2011), Bad Arguments is an essential tool for undergraduate students and general readers looking to hone their critical thinking and rhetorical skills.
Specificaties
Lezersrecensies
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Introduction 1</p>
<p>Part I Formal Fallacies 35</p>
<p>Propositional Logic 37</p>
<p>Affirming a Disjunct 39<br />Jason Iuliano</p>
<p>Affirming the Consequent 42<br />Brett Gaul</p>
<p>Denying the Antecedent 46<br />Brett Gaul</p>
<p>Categorical Logic 49</p>
<p>Exclusive Premises 51<br />Charlene Elsby</p>
<p>Four Terms 55<br />Charlene Elsby</p>
<p>Illicit Major and Minor Terms 60<br />Charlene Elsby</p>
<p>Undistributed Middle 63<br />Charlene Elsby</p>
<p>Part II Informal Fallacies 67</p>
<p>Fallacies of Relevance 69</p>
<p>Ad Hominem: Bias 71<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p>Ad Hominem: Circumstantial 77<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p>Ad Hominem: Direct 83<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p> Ad Hominem: Tu Quoque 88<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p>Adverse Consequences 94<br />David Vander Laan</p>
<p>Appeal to Emotion: Force or Fear 98<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p>Appeal to Emotion: Pity 102<br />George Wrisley</p>
<p>Appeal to Ignorance 106<br />Benjamin W. McCraw</p>
<p>Appeal to the People 112<br />Benjamin W. McCraw</p>
<p>Appeal to Personal Incredulity 115<br />Tuomas W. Manninen</p>
<p>Appeal to Ridicule 118<br />Gregory L. Bock</p>
<p>Appeal to Tradition 121<br />Nicolas Michaud</p>
<p>Argument from Fallacy 125<br />Christian Cotton</p>
<p>Availability Error 128<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Base Rate 133<br />Tuomas W. Manninen</p>
<p>Burden of Proof 137<br />Andrew Russo</p>
<p>Countless Counterfeits 140<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Diminished Responsibility 145<br />Tuomas W. Manninen</p>
<p>Essentializing 149<br />Jack Bowen</p>
<p>Galileo Gambit 152<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Gambler s Fallacy 157<br />Grant Sterling</p>
<p>Genetic Fallacy 160<br />Frank Scalambrino</p>
<p>Historian s Fallacy 163<br />Heather Rivera</p>
<p>Homunculus 165<br />Kimberly Baltzer ]Jaray</p>
<p>Inappropriate Appeal to Authority 168<br />Nicolas Michaud</p>
<p>Irrelevant Conclusion 172<br />Steve Barbone</p>
<p>Kettle Logic 174<br />Andy Wible</p>
<p>Line Drawing 177<br />Alexander E. Hooke</p>
<p>Mistaking the Relevance of Proximate Causation 181<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Moving the Goalposts 185<br />Tuomas W. Manninen</p>
<p>Mystery, Therefore Magic 189<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Naturalistic Fallacy 193<br />Benjamin W. McCraw</p>
<p>Poisoning the Well 196<br />Roberto Ruiz</p>
<p>Proving Too Much 201<br />Kimberly Baltzer ]Jaray</p>
<p>Psychologist s Fallacy 204<br />Frank Scalambrino</p>
<p>Red Herring 208<br />Heather Rivera</p>
<p> Reductio ad Hitlerum 212<br />Frank Scalambrino</p>
<p>Argument by Repetition 215<br />Leigh Kolb</p>
<p>Special Pleading 219<br />Dan Yim</p>
<p>Straw Man 223<br />Scott Aikin and John Casey</p>
<p>Sunk Cost 227<br />Robert Arp</p>
<p>Two Wrongs Make a Right 230<br />David LaRocca</p>
<p>Weak Analogy 234<br />Bertha Alvarez Manninen</p>
<p>Fallacies of Ambiguity 239</p>
<p>Accent 241<br />Roberto Ruiz</p>
<p>Amphiboly 246<br />Roberto Ruiz</p>
<p>Composition 250<br />Jason Waller</p>
<p>Confusing an Explanation for an Excuse 252<br />Kimberly Baltzer ]Jaray</p>
<p>Definist Fallacy 255<br />Christian Cotton</p>
<p>Division 259<br />Jason Waller</p>
<p>Equivocation 261<br />Bertha Alvarez Manninen</p>
<p>Etymological Fallacy 266<br />Leigh Kolb</p>
<p>Euphemism 270<br />Kimberly Baltzer ]Jaray</p>
<p>Hedging 273<br />Christian Cotton</p>
<p>If by Whiskey 277<br />Christian Cotton</p>
<p>Inflation of Conflict 280<br />Andy Wible</p>
<p>Legalistic Mistake 282<br />Marco Antonio Azevedo</p>
<p>Oversimplification 286<br />Dan Burkett</p>
<p>Proof by Verbosity 289<br />Phil Smolenski</p>
<p>Sorites Fallacy 293<br />Jack Bowen</p>
<p>Fallacies of Presumption 297</p>
<p>Accident 299<br />Steve Barbone</p>
<p>All or Nothing 301<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Anthropomorphic Bias 305<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Begging the Question 308<br />Heather Rivera</p>
<p>Chronological Snobbery 311<br />A.G. Holdier</p>
<p>Complex Question 314<br />A.G. Holdier</p>
<p>Confirmation Bias 317<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Conjunction 321<br />Jason Iuliano</p>
<p>Constructive Nature of Perception 324<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Converse Accident 330<br />Steve Barbone</p>
<p>Existential Fallacy 332<br />Frank Scalambrino</p>
<p>False Cause: Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 335<br />Bertha Alvarez Manninen</p>
<p>False Cause: Ignoring Common Cause 338<br />Bertha Alvarez Manninen</p>
<p>False Cause: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 342<br />Bertha Alvarez Manninen</p>
<p>False Dilemma 346<br />Jennifer Culver</p>
<p>Free Speech 348<br />Scott Aikin and John Casey</p>
<p>Guilt by Association 351<br />Leigh Kolb</p>
<p>Hasty Generalization 354<br />Michael J. Muniz</p>
<p>Intentional Fallacy 357<br />Nicolas Michaud</p>
<p>Is/Ought Fallacy 360<br />Mark T. Nelson</p>
<p>Masked Man 364<br />Charles Taliaferro and K.M. Villa</p>
<p>Middle Ground 367<br />Grant Sterling</p>
<p>Mind Projection 369<br />Charles Taliaferro and K.M. Villa</p>
<p>Moralistic Fallacy 371<br />Galen Foresman</p>
<p>No True Scotsman 374<br />Tuomas W. Manninen</p>
<p>Reification 378<br />Robert Sinclair</p>
<p>Representative Heuristic 382<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Slippery Slope 385<br />Michael J. Muniz</p>
<p>Stolen Concept 388<br />Rory E. Kraft, Jr.</p>
<p>Subjective Validation 392<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Subjectivist Fallacy 396<br />Frank Scalambrino</p>
<p>Suppressed Evidence 399<br />David Kyle Johnson</p>
<p>Unfalsifiability 403<br />Jack Bowen</p>
<p>Unwarranted Assumption 407<br />Kimberly Baltzer ]Jaray</p>
<p>Index</p>
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