The Microwave Engineering Handbook

1 Point-to-point transmission, terrestrial line-of-sight links, terrestrial troposcatter links.- 1.1 General.- 1.2 Principles of radio relays.- 1.2.1 Repeater functions.- 1.2.2 Carrier frequency utilization.- 1.2.3 Different types of repeaters.- 1.2.4 Different types of terminals.- 1.2.5 Special features of antennas for radio relay links.- 1.2.6 Feeders.- 1.3 Analogue microwave links.- 1.3.1 General.- 1.3.2 Characteristics of the signals transmitted.- 1.3.3 Analogue modulation.- 1.3.4 Technological aspects.- 1.3.5 Operating aid facilities.- 1.3.6 Frequency modulation distortions.- 1.3.7 Performances of analogue microwave links.- 1.3.8 Quality improvement.- 1.3.9 Transmission quality.- 1.4 Digital microwave links.- 1.4.1 Characteristics of the signals transmitted.- 1.4.2 Digital modulation.- 1.4.3 Technological aspects.- 1.4.4 Other specific features of digital microwave links.- 1.4.5 Performances of digital microwave links.- 1.4.6 Techniques used for improving quality.- 1.4.7 Predicting outages due to propagation.- 1.5 Specific nature of over-the-horizon microwave links.- 1.5.1 Properties of the propagation medium.- 1.5.2 Equipment characteristics.- 1.5.3 Transmission quality.- References.- 2 Satellite links.- 2.1 General.- 2.1.1 Introduction.- 2.1.2 Communication satellite systems.- 2.1.3 Utilization of the radio frequency spectrum.- 2.1.4 Specific characteristics.- 2.1.5 Main applications and techniques.- 2.1.6 Historical overview.- 2.1.7 Existing satellite systems.- 2.2 Basic principles.- 2.2.1 The basic satellite communication link.- 2.2.2 Definitions and formulae.- 2.2.3 Other topics.- 2.2.4 The link budget.- 2.2.5 Link quality.- 2.3 Communication satellite technology.- 2.3.1 Communication satellite construction.- 2.3.2 Communication satellite payload.- 2.4 Earth stations.- 2.4.1 General.- 2.4.2 The antenna system.- 2.4.3 The low noise amplifier (LNA).- 2.4.4 Measurements of noise temperatures and antenna G/T.- 2.4.5 The high power amplifier (HPA).- 2.4.6 The up-and down-converters (U/C, D/C).- 2.5 Conclusions and prospects.- References.- 3 Low and medium power translators and transmitters.- 3.1 Optimization of the input design of a television translator.- 3.1.1 Brief review: what are the design possibilities?.- 3.1.2 Optimization of antinomic couple noise factor/input stage linearity.- 3.2 Development of television transmitter modulation stages.- 3.2.1 Vision and sound IF modulation.- 3.2.2 IF vision corrector.- 3.2.3 Non-linearity correction of the vision channel.- 3.2.4 Output wideband converter.- 3.3 Optimization of the output design of a television transmitter or translator and enhancing the level of transistorization.- 3.3.1 Analysis of the distortions generated in a power amplifier.- 3.3.2 Non-linearity correctors.- 3.3.3 Amplifier assemblies.- 3.3.4 Improvement of reliability.- 3.3.5 Overall characteristics of transmitters.- 3.4 Conclusion.- Appendix 3.A The frequency spectrum and broadcasting channels.- 4 Radar systems.- 4.1 The history of radar.- 4.1.1 Before 1935.- 4.1.2 Since 1935; the pulse radar.- 4.1.3 The angular measurement.- 4.1.4 Pulse compression and coded radars.- 4.1.5 Doppler filtering.- 4.1.6 Electronic scanning.- 4.2 General description of radar systems.- 4.2.1 Basic principles derived from the theory of radar systems.- 4.2.2 About the parasitic noise.- 4.2.3 Radar block diagram.- 4.2.4 About antennas.- 4.2.5 About transmitters.- 4.2.6 About receivers.- 4.2.7 Choice of wavelengths — basic examples of radar parameters.- 4.2.8 Radar cross-section—target fluctuation—stealth targets.- 4.2.9 Problems: analysis of a multifunction radar.- 4.2.10 Pulse compression.- 4.2.11 About digital processing.- 4.2.12 Action against clutter.- 4.2.13 Pulse-Doppler radars.- 4.3 Main applications of radar systems.- 4.3.1 Surveillance radars.- 4.3.2 Fire control radar systems.- 4.3.3 Radar systems on board aircraft.- 4.3.4 Instrumentation radars.- 4.3.5 Other applications.- 4.4 Expected evolution of radar systems.- 4.4.1 Multifunction and multimode in radar systems.- 4.4.2 Present and future implementation of ancient ideas—active antennas.- 4.4.3 High resolution in distance.- 4.4.4 New wavelengths.- References.- 5 Electronic confrontation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Electronic support measures (ESM).- 5.2.1 General.- 5.2.2 Reception techniques.- 5.2.3 Direction-finding techniques.- 5.2.4 Location measurements.- 5.2.5 Evolution of the systems.- 5.3 Electronic countermeasures (ECM).- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Main operational uses of jammers.- 5.3.3 Jamming techniques.- 5.3.4 Main effects of jammers.- 5.3.5 Evolution of jamming facilities.- 5.4 ECCM applied to radio frequency links.- 5.4.1 General.- 5.4.2 Jamming protection techniques.- 5.4.3 Signal interception protection techniques.- 5.4.4 Conclusion.- 5.5 ECCM applied to radars.- 5.5.1 General.- 5.5.2 Radar range in the presence of jamming.- 5.5.3 General principles used against jamming.- 5.5.4 Main ECCM techniques.- 5.6 System design methodology.- 5.6.1 New tools to be incorporated into operational systems.- 5.6.2 Strategic intelligence: an in-depth analysis.- 5.6.3 Tactical intelligence: quick analysis of situations and priorities.- 5.6.4 Self-protection of weapon systems: a highly complex function.- 5.6.5 Air strike: active support at several levels.- 5.6.6 Counter-mobility: neutralization by jamming.- 5.6.7 Radioelectric superiority: preventing the use of the spectrum by the enemy.- 5.6.8 Elimination of the enemy anti-aircraft defence: extensive use of ESM and ECM.- 6 Infrared.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 General definition.- 6.1.2 Spectral bands.- 6.1.3 Infrared system classification.- 6.2 Short historical background.- 6.3 Theory notes.- 6.3.1 Optical quantities and relationships.- 6.3.2 Photometry and radiometry.- 6.3.3 Atmosphere.- 6.3.4 Sources.- 6.3.5 Optical materials.- 6.3.6 Detectors.- 6.4 Infrared techniques.- 6.4.1 Instrument design considerations for passive IR detection.- 6.4.2 Performances of passive infrared optronic systems.- 6.4.3 Laser detection techniques.- 6.4.4 IR laser system performance.- 6.5 Military applications of infrared.- 6.5.1 Military applications of passive infrared.- 6.5.2 Military applications of active infrared systems.- 6.5.3 Military applications of semi-active infrared.- 6.5.4 Military applications of point-to-point links.- 6.6 Developments and trends in the infrared field.- 6.6.1 Optical windows and IR domes.- 6.6.2 Stabilization and scanning.- 6.6.3 Optical systems.- 6.6.4 Detectors.- 6.6.5 Cooling devices.- 6.6.6 Laser emitters.- 6.6.7 Processing devices.- 6.6.8 Display.- 7 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications of microwaves present and prospective.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 High power applications.- 7.2.1 Microwave heating.- 7.2.2 High energy scientific applications.- 7.2.3 The problems of leakage: the personnel exposure standards.- 7.2.4 Conclusion.- 7.3 Active sensors and systems.- 7.3.1 Radar type sensors and miscellaneous.- 7.3.2 Non-destructive control.- 7.3.3 Microwave active imaging.- 7.3.4 Conclusion.- 7.4 Passive sensors and systems.- 7.4.1 Principles.- 7.4.2 Radiometric receivers.- 7.4.3 Applications of radiometry.- 7.4.4 Conclusion.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Radioastronomy.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Radio telescopes.- 8.2.1 Single dish.- 8.2.2 Interferometry and aperture synthesis.- 8.3 Cosmic radio emission.- 8.3.1 Continuum emission.- 8.3.2 Line emission.- 8.4 Continuum radio sources.- 8.4.1 The Galaxy.- 8.4.2 Extragalactic radio sources.- 8.5 The 21 cm hydrogen line.- 8.6 Interstellar molecules.- 8.6.1 The discovery.- 8.6.2 Astrochemistry.- 8.6.3 Cosmic maser amplification.- 8.6.4 The concept of a two-level maser.- 8.7 Conclusion and prospects.- Appendix 8.A Units and constants in astronomy.- References.- Problems.