The Pygmy Chimpanzee

I. Molecular Biology, Systematics, and Morphology.- 1 The Tervuren Museum and the Pygmy Chimpanzee.- References.- 2 Blood Groups of Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees: A Comparative Study.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology of Blood Grouping and General Classification of Blood Groups of Primates.- 3. The A-B-O Blood Group System.- 3.1. Subgroups of A.- 3.2. The H Specificity.- 3.3. Secretion of A-B-H Substances.- 3.4. Serum Isoagglutinins.- 4. The M-N Blood Group System.- 5. The V-A-B-D Blood Group System.- 6. The Rh-Hr Blood Group System.- 7. The R-C-E-F Blood Group System.- 8. Other Blood Group Systems.- 9. Genealogical Studies.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Pygmy Chimpanzee Systematics: A Molecular Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Further Electrophoretic Studies.- 2.2. Immunology.- 2.3. Restriction Endonuclease Comparisons of Mitochondrial DNA.- 3. Phylogenetic Implications of the Molecular Data.- 4. Origin and Adaptive Radiation of the African Apes (Including Hominids).- 4.1. Developing an Understanding of Organismal Evolution.- 4.2. The Role of the Pygmy Chimpanzee in Telling Us about Hominid Origins.- References.- 4 A Measure of Basicranial Flexion in Pan paniscus, the Pygmy Chimpanzee.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Materials.- 2.1. Craniometric Measurements and Statistical Methods.- 2.2. Pan paniscus Specimens.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 5 The Dentition of the Pygmy Chimpanzee, Pan paniscus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Upper Molar Morphology.- 3.2. Lower Molar Morphology.- 3.3. Metrical Data.- 3.4. Roots of Teeth.- 3.5. Sequence of Eruption.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Distribution of Advanced and Primitive Traits.- 4.2. Functional Differences between Chimpanzee Species.- References.- 6 An Allometric Perspective on the Morphological and Evolutionary Relationships between Pygmy (Pan paniscus) and Common (Pan troglodytes) Chimpanzees.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Types and Meanings of Allometry.- 3. Allometry and Heterochrony.- 4. Proportion and Size Differences between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes.- 5. Postcranial Allometry.- 6. Cranial Allometry.- 7. Dental Allometry.- 8. Heterochrony and Morphology.- 9. Interspecific Dissociations.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Body Size and Skeletal Allometry in African Apes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Sources of Body Weights.- 2.2. Skeletal Sample.- 2.3. Analytical Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Body Size of African Apes.- 3.2. Interspecific Allometry.- 3.3. Intraspecific Allometry.- References.- 8 Body Build and Tissue Composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with Comparisons to Other Hominoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: A Comparison of Body Builds.- 3. Methods.- 4. Results.- 5. Body Build and Locomotor Pattern: Case Studies.- 5.1. Symphalangus.- 5.2. Pongo.- 5.3. Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus.- 5.4. Homo sapiens.- 6. Pan paniscus: Its Place among the Hominoids.- References.- 9 The Common Ancestor: A Study of the Postcranium of Pan paniscus, Australopithecus, and Other Hominoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Shoulder.- 3.2. Distal Humerus.- 3.3. Ulna.- 3.4. Capitate.- 3.5. Pelvis.- 3.6. Proximal Femur.- 3.7. Distal Femur.- 3.8. Foot.- 3.9. Proportions.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Behavior of Pan paniscus.- 10 Feeding Ecology of the Pygmy Chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Subjects and Methods.- 1.2. Study Area.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Food Repertoire.- 2.2. Dietary Proportions.- 2.3. Annual and Seasonal Variations in Diet.- 2.4. Food Preferences.- 2.5. Food Diversity.- 2.6. Food Provisioning.- 2.7. Feeding Techniques.- 2.8. Habitat Utilization.- 2.9. Routine Activities.- 2.10. Daily Range and Party Size.- 2.11. Competition.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Summary.- References.- 11 Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Study Area.- 3. Study Population.- 4. Methods.- 5. Plant Foods.- 6. Seasonal Patterns.- 7. Feeding Patterns and Group Size.- 8. Animal Foods.- 9. Discussion.- References.- 12 Interaction over Food among Pygmy Chimpanzees.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subjects and Methods.- 2.1. Subjects and Data Collection.- 2.2. Terminology.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Interaction over Naturally Occurring Food.- 3.2. Interaction over Artificially Provided Food.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Food Sharing Behavior in Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees.- 4.2. Food Division.- 4.3. Begging and Sharing.- 4.4. Cofeeding.- 4.5. Hypothesis of Preadaptation to Systematic Food Sharing.- References.- 13 Social Organization of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Population Density and Group Size.- 3.2. Group Composition.- 3.3. Agonistic Behavior.- 3.4. Grooming Interactions.- 3.5. Food Sharing.- 3.6. Sociosexual Behavior.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Sexual Behavior of Pan paniscus under Natural Conditions in the Lomako Forest, Equateur, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Male-Female Sexual Behavior.- 3.2. Female-Female Genital Contact.- 3.3. Male-Male Genital Contact.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Menstrual Cycles and Sexual Swellings.- 4.2. Distribution of Copulations across Swelling Phases.- 4.3. Lactational Amenorrhea.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 15 The Locomotor Behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Terrestrial Locomotion.- 3.2. Arboreal Locomotion.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Comparison of Pygmy Chimpanzees in the Lomako and at Other Sites.- 6. Comparisons of the Locomotion of Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 16 Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: Contrasts in Preverbal Communicative Competence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History of Subjects.- 3. Research Environment.- 4. Development of Nonverbal Communicative Competence in Kanzi.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 17 Will the Pygmy Chimpanzee Be Threatened with Extinction as Are the Elephant and the White Rhinoceros in Zaire?.- References.- Author Index.