Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate

A Does Land Surface Matter in Climate and Weather?.- A.1 Introduction.- A.2 The Climate near the Ground.- A.3 The Regional Climate.- A.4 The Global Climate.- A.5 The Sahelian Climate.- A.6 The Amazonian Climate.- A.7 The Boreal Climate.- A.8 The Asian Monsoon Climate.- A.9 Summary, Conclusion and Perspective.- References.- B How Measurable is the Earth System?.- B.1 Introduction.- B.2 The Energy Balance Closure Problem.- B.3 Radiation Measurements in Integrated Terrestrial Experiments.- B.4 Surface Turbulent Fluxes.- B.5 Accuracy and Utility of Aircraft Flux Measurements.- B.6 Boundary Layer Budgeting.- B.7 Vegetation Structure, Dynamics and Physiology.- B.8 Remote Sensing and Land-surface Experiments.- B.9 The Water Balance Concept — How Useful Is It as a Guiding Principle for the Design of Land-Atmosphere Field Experiments?.- B.10 Use of Field Experiments in Improving the Land-surface Description in Atmospheric Models: Calibration, Aggregation and Scaling.- B.11 Further Insight from Large-scale Observational Studies of Land/Atmosphere Interactions.- References.- C The Value of Land-surface Data Consolidation.- C.1 Motivation for Data Consolidation.- C.2 Existing Degrees of Consolidation.- C.3 Achieving Full Data Consolidation.- C.4 Terrestrial Data Assimilation.- C.5 Conclusions.- References.- D The Integrity of River and Drainage Basin Systems: Challenges from Environmental Change.- D.1 Introduction.- D.2 Responses of Hydrological Processes to Environmental Change at Small Catchment Scales.- D.3 River Basin Responses to Global Change and Anthropogenic Impacts.- D.4 Responses of Continental Aquatic Systems at the Global Scale: New Paradigms, New Methods.- D.5 Case Study 1: Integrated Analysis of a Humid Tropical Region — The Amazon Basin.- D.6 Case Study 2:Integrated Ecohydrological Analysis of a Temperate Developed Region: The Elbe River Basin in Central Europe.- D.7 Case Study 3: Modelling the Impacts of Land Use and Climate Change on Hydrological Responses in the Mixed Underdeveloped/Developed Mgeni Catchment, South Africa.- D.8 Conclusions: Scaling Relative Responses of Terrestrial Aquatic Systems to Global Changes.- References.- E How to Evaluate Vulnerability in Changing Environmental Conditions?.- E.1 Introduction.- E.2 Predictability and Uncertainty.- E.3 Contrast between Predictive and Vulnerability Approaches.- E.4 The Scenario Approach.- E.5 The Vulnerability Approach.- E.6 Case Studies.- E.7 Conclusions.- References.