Fibre Optic Communication Devices

1 Characteristics of Optical Communication Networks.- 1.1 Optical Network Issues.- 1.2 Long-Haul Networks.- 1.3 WDM Networking.- 1.4 Connection Patterns.- 1.5 Optical Network Protection.- 1.5.1 Protection Schemes.- 1.5.2 Ring Protection.- 1.6 Optical Network Elements.- 1.6.1 Optical WDM Terminal Multiplexer.- 1.6.2 Optical WDM Add/Drop Multiplexers.- 1.6.3 Optical WDM Cross-Connects.- References.- 2 The Optical Fibre.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Waveguiding Properties.- 2.2.1 Basic Concepts and Parameters.- 2.2.2 Basic Equations for the Step-Index Fibre.- 2.2.3 Graded-Index Fibres.- 2.3 Fibre Materials.- 2.3.1 Silicate Glasses.- 2.3.2 Plastics.- 2.4 Basic Optical Properties.- 2.4.1 Losses.- 2.4.2 Dispersion.- 2.4.3 Polarisation.- 2.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties.- 2.5.1 Stimulated Scattering Processes.- 2.5.2 Third-Order Nonlinear Parametric Processes.- 2.5.3 Photosensitivity.- 2.6 Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibres.- 2.6.1 Derivation of the Wave Equation for the Pulse Envelope.- 2.6.2 Solution of the Envelope Wave Equation: The Soliton.- References.- 3 Transmitters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Theory.- 3.2.1 Rate Equations for Single-Mode Operation.- 3.2.2 Material Properties.- 3.2.3 Steady-State Characteristics.- 3.2.4 Small-Signal Modulation Characteristics.- 3.2.5 Noise Properties.- 3.3 Basic Design of Semiconductor Laser Structures.- 3.3.1 Concepts of Lateral Confinement.- 3.4 Single-Mode Laser Structures.- 3.4.1 Coupled-Mode Theory.- 3.4.2 Basic Properties of Index-Coupled DFB Lasers.- 3.4.3 Advanced DFB Laser Structures.- 3.4.4 Gain-Coupled Lasers.- 3.4.5 Modelling of DFB Lasers.- 3.5 Tunable Lasers.- 3.5.1 Extern al Cavity Laser (ECL).- 3.5.2 Thermal Tuning.- 3.5.3 Multisection DFB Laser.- 3.5.4 DBR Laser.- 3.5.5 Tunable Twin-Guide Laser (TTG).- 3.5.6 Codirectionally Coupled Lasers (CCL).- 3.5.7 Y-Laser.- 3.5.8 Superstructure Grating DBR Laser or Sampled Grating Laser (SSG-Laser).- 3.5.9 Bent-Waveguide DFB Laser (BWL).- References.- 4 Optical Photodetectors.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The PIN Photodiode.- 4.2.1 PIN Photodiode Operation.- 4.2.2 PIN Photodiode Characteristics.- 4.2.3 Edge-Illuminated PIN Photodiodes.- 4.2.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes.- 4.3 The Avalanche Photodiode (APD).- 4.3.1 Characteristics of APDs.- 4.3.2 APD Noise.- 4.3.3 Structures for Improved Noise Characteristics.- 4.4 Photodiodes.- 4.4.1 Silicon Photodiodes.- 4.4.2 InGaAs Photodiodes.- 4.5 Photoreceivers.- 4.5.1 Conventional Photoreceivers.- 4.5.2 Specific Photoreceivers.- 4.5.3 OEIC Photoreceivers.- 4.6 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Optical Amplifiers.- 5.1 Optical Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.1 Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.2 Other Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.- 5.2.1 Optical Gain in Compound Semiconductor Materials.- 5.2.2 Basic Heterojunction Device Structure.- 5.2.3 Rate Equations, Saturation Behaviour, Noise Figure.- 5.2.4 Effect of Optical Reflections (Gain Ripple).- 5.2.5 Gain-Clamping.- 5.2.6 General Applications of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in Communication Systems.- 5.2.7 Digital Transmission Systems.- 5.2.8 WDM Systems.- 5.2.9 Analogue Transmission Systems.- 5.2.10 Other Applications.- References.- 6 Passive and Active Glass Integrated Optics Devices.- 6.1 General Introduction.- 6.2 Passive Power Splitters.- 6.2.1 Splitters and Their Basic Functions.- 6.2.2 Computing Waveguide Modes.- 6.2.3 Tapers and Branches.- 6.2.4 Bends.- 6.2.5 2 × 2 Splitters.- 6.2.6 P × N Star Couplers.- 6.2.7 Ion Exchange in Glass.- 6.2.8 Characterization Methods.- 6.2.9 Performance and Reliability of Commercial Devices.- 6.3 Integrated Optic Yb/Er Glass Amplifiers.- 6.3.1 Introduction.- 6.3.2 Rate Equations for Yb/Er Co-doping.- 6.3.3 Propagation Equations.- 6.3.4 The Power-Transfer Equation.- 6.3.5 Yb/Er Co-doping Enhances the Inversion.- 6.3.6 Effective Inversion Coefficients.- 6.3.7 Gain of a Co-doped Waveguide Section.- 6.3.8 Adverse Effects of High Rare-Earth Concentration.- 6.3.9 Technologies and Devices.- 6.4 Integrated Optic Er/Yb Laser Oscillators.- 6.4.1 Continuous Wave (CW) Operation.- 6.4.2 Experimental Soliton and Q-Switch Operation.- References.- 7 Wavelength-Selective Devices.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Device Specifications.- 7.3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer Filters.- 7.4 Dielectric Interference Filters.- 7.5 Fibre Gratings.- 7.6 Grating-based Demultiplexers.- 7.7 PHASAR-based Devices.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Principle of Operation.- 7.7.3 Technologies.- 7.7.4 Device Characteristics.- 7.7.5 Wavelength Routeing Properties.- 7.7.6 Multiwavelength Transmitters and Receivers.- 7.7.7 Multiwavelength Add-Drop Multiplexers and Crossconnects.- 7.8 Integrated Acousto-Optical Devices in LiNbO3.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Basic Building Blocks.- 7.8.3 Tunable Wavelength Filters.- 7.8.4 Wavelength-selective Switches and Add-Drop Multiplexers.- 7.8.5 Applications in WDM Systems.- 7.8.6 Outlook.- References.- 8 Optical Switching.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Applications.- 8.2.1 Optical Component Characterization and Testing.- 8.2.2 Test Access.- 8.2.3 Telecommunications.- 8.3 Technologies.- 8.3.1 Non-interferometric Switches.- 8.3.2 Interferometric Switches.- 8.4 Summary.- References.- 9 All-Optical Time-Division Multiplexing Technology.- 9.1 Role of All-Optical TDM Technology.- 9.2 Key Technologies for All-Optical TDM Systems.- 9.2.1 Ultrashort Optical Pulse Generation Technology.- 9.2.2 All-Optical MUX/DEMUX Technology.- 9.2.3 Optical Timing Extraction Technology.- 9.2.4 High-Speed Optical Waveform Measurement.- 9.3 Demonstration of OTDM and OTDM/WDM Transmission.- 9.3.1 100-400 Gbit/s OTDM Transmission Experiment.- 9.3.2 400 Gbit/s to 3 Tbit/s OTDM/WDM Transmission Experiments.- References.- 10 Optical Hybrid Integrated Circuits.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Key Technologies for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.1 Platform for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.2 Passive Alignment Technique.- 10.2.3 OE-device for Hybrid Integration.- 10.3 Contributions of Hybrid Integration to Optical Communication Technology.- 10.3.1 Application of Hybrid-Integration Technology.- 10.3.2 Optical Module for Fibre-optic Subscriber System.- 10.3.3 Optical Modules for WDM Applications.- 10.3.4 Optoelectronic Hybrid Modules for High-speed Applications.- 10.4 Future Prospects.- 10.5 Summary.- References.- 11 Monolithic Integration.- 11.1 Introductory Remarks.- 11.2 Waveguides.- 11.3 Integrated Spot-Size Converters.- 11.4 Monolithic Laser Integration.- 11.4.1 Vertical Laser-Waveguide Coupling.- 11.4.2 Laser-Waveguide Butt Coupling.- 11.4.3 Laser-HBT Integration.- 11.5 Integrated Receiver.- 11.6 Crosstalk.- 11.6.1 Electrical Crosstalk.- 11.6.2 Optical Crosstalk.- 11.6.3 Thermal Crosstalk.- 11.7 Current Status of Optoelectronic Integration.- 11.8 Outlook.- References.- Biographical Notes.