Decriminalization of Sex Work
The New Zealand Model An Analysis of the Integrative Sex Industry Policy in New Zealand (Aotearoa) (PDF-Download)
E-book Pdf met watermerkbeveiliging Engels 2018 1e druk 9789462749474Samenvatting
In many countries worldwide, sex workers have no other choice than to carry out their profession in illegal environments. Repressive policies force them to work in difficult or dangerous underground settings They need to struggle against incomprehension, moral disapproval, prejudices, and increasing public stigmatization. Contrary to prevailing tendency in Europe and America to criminalize clients of sex workers, New Zealand decriminalized the entire commercial voluntary sex industry in 2003 by enacting the Prostitution Reform Act (PRA) – as the only state in the world, so far. The implementation of this integrative sex industry policy marks a turning point in the lives and working conditions of New Zealand sex workers. Sex work became recognized as legitimate service work. Nowadays, the sex service sector in this country operates under the same legal rights as any other service sector.
In Decriminalization of sex work: The New Zealand Model, Joep Rottier contextualizes the historical-cultural and sociopolitical backgrounds of this integrative sex industry policy. This explorative and descriptive research provides insights in the unique role of the New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective (NZPC) – as a social movement organization – in the policy making process. Whereas successful self-organization of sex workers is recognized to be a challenge in most countries, NZPC in New Zealand offers an inspiring look at what may become possible if such self-organization does work out. By means of 119 interviews with involved key actors in the New Zealand sex industry, this book gives a unique view on de facto experiences with this policy from different perspectives. The qualitative research shows that the New Zealand Model practices what other policies mainly preach: the voices of the people most involved – the sex workers – are heard and taken seriously.
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Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 The New Zealand Sex Industry: a Brief Introduction 3
1.2 The Decriminalization Process of the New Zealand Sex Industry 4
1.3 Research Aims, Research Question and Sub Questions 6
1.4 Relevance 8
1.5 Structure of the Book 10
Chapter 2
Methodology 13
2.1 Desk Research 13
2.2 Explorative and Descriptive Research 14
2.2.1 Interviews 14
2.2.2 Observations 18
2.2.3 Recording and Analysis of Data 18
2.4 Ethical Reflections 20
2.5 Gendered ‘Power’ Relations and Reciprocity 23
2.6 Research Limitations 26
2.7 Validity, Reliability, Triangulation 26
Chapter 3
Theoretical Perspectives 29
3.1 Terminology: The Way You Perceive 29
3.2 Including or Excluding Sex Workers? 31
3.3 The Ongoing Stigma on Sex Work 32
3.4 The Stigma of Sex Workers as Victims of Human Trafficking 34
3.5 Social Movement 37
3.5.1 The Concept Social Movement 37
3.5.2 Decriminalization of the Sex Industry as a Social Movement 38
Chapter 4
Sex Industry Policies 41
4.1 State Protection or Own Agency? 41
4.2 Sex Industry Policies 43
4.2.1 Current Main Sex Industry Policies 44
4.2.2 Critical Notes on Terminology and Meaning of Sex Industry Policies 46
4.2.3 Sex Industry Morality Politics 48
4.2.4 Repressive, Restrictive, and Integrative Sex Industry Policies 50
4.2.5 Restrictive and Integrative Policies 52
4.2.5.1 Sex Industry Policies: Rule-Heavy or Rule-Light? 52
4.2.5.2 Reducing or Minimizing Harm within the Sex Industry 53
4.2.6 Repressive Policies: No Harm Reduction Strategies for Prostitutes 55
4.3 Sex Industry Policies and Collaborative Governance 56
Chapter 5
Macro Level: The Development of New Zealand’s Sex Industry: History and Context 59
5.1 Sexual Intercourse in Precolonial Maori Tradition 59
5.2 From Sex as a Gift to Sex as Commerce 61
5.2.1 Female Immigrants 64
5.3 The Nineteenth Century: From Tolerance and Regulation to Intolerance and Abolishment 64
5.3.1 From Tolerance to Regulation: Control the Women, Leave the Men 66
5.3.2 Increasing Resistance Against the Double Standards 69
5.4 The Twentieth Century: Prostitutes as Criminals 72
5.4.1 The Wheels for Change Start in Motion 75
5.5 “Decriminalization, Nothing Else” 75
Chapter 6
Meso Level: The Path to Decriminalization 79
6.1 “We All Have the Same Accent”: Fairness, Equity, and Justice 79
6.2 New Zealand: Inclusive or Exclusive Society? 82
6.3 Sociopolitical Backgrounds 83
6.3.1 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic 83
6.3.2 The Preparedness of Academics and Other Parties to Step In 85
6.3.3 The Parliamentary Process Towards Decriminalization 87
6.3.3.1 From First-Past-The-Post to Mixed-Member-Proportional 88
6.3.3.2 From Unawareness to Awareness 88
6.3.3.3 A Conscience Vote Instead of a Party Vote 89
6.3.3.4 Political Arguments Behind Voting for PRA 93
6.3.4 The Role of the Media 95
6.4 Working in a Decriminalized Environment: The Sex Workers’ Views 97
6.4.1 Health, Safety, and Self-Determination 99
Chapter 7
Micro Level: An Analysis of the Role and Impact of NZPC 109
7.1 ‘They Are Somebody Here’. Eight Distinguishing Factors 110
7.2 Sex Workers’ Voice about NZPC 126
7.2.1 NZPC as Sex Workers’ Interest Group 126
7.2.2 NZPC’s Services and Stigma 128
7.3 Sex Workers’ Ambitions for the Future 131
7.3.1 Access to Mental Health Care 131
7.3.2 The Financial Consequence of Exiting 134
7.3.3 “We Use Them and They Use Us” 135
7.3.4 NZPC’s Approach Toward Minor Sex Workers: Opposing Views 136
7.3.5 The Collaboration between NZPC and Operators 138
7.3.6 Improved Education: A Sex Work Degree 140
Chapter 8
Inconsistencies and New Quandaries: Legal Principles Versus
Practical Implementation, A Critical Reflection 149
8.1 Decriminalization: A Push Towards the Destigmatization of Sex Work 150
8.2 The Law Created the Criminal 152
8.3 City Council Bylaws: Reversing Decriminalization Principles 159
8.3.1 Controversial Regulations: Size Does Matter 160
8.3.2 The Outdoor Sex Industry: To Zone or Not To Zone? 164
8.4 Exploitation and Vulnerability Within a Decriminalized Sex Industry 173
8.5 The Offense of Unsafe Sex Practices: A Burning Issue 185
8.6 Willing or Not, Stigma Occasionally Offers a Helping Hand 188
Chapter 9
Conclusion 193
9.1 A Decisive Start to Decriminalization 194
9.2 Aspects of Decriminalization 194
9.3 Collaborative Governance 196
9.4 De Facto Experiences of Decriminalization Policy 196
9.5 The Legal PRA and Its Practical Implementation 198
Samenvatting 201
References 209
Appendix I-XX 225
Curriculum Vitae 253
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