Anthropogenic Soils in Japan

<div>1. Soils Sealed by Technic Hard Materials in Urban and Traffic Areas</div><div>1.1 Introduction</div><div>1.2 Soils Sealed by Asphalt</div><div>1.2.1 Road Construction and History of Land Use Changes</div><div>1.2.2 Soil Profile and Brief Chemical Properties at the Road Construction Site</div>1.2.3 Maintenance Work for Sewer Pipe, History of Management for Social Facilities<div>1.2.4 Soil Profile and Brief Chemical Properties under the Asphalt Road</div><div>1.2.5 Construction site of interchange for highway</div><div>1.2.6 Soil Description and Brief Chemical Characteristics beneath the thick subbase stones</div><div>1.3 Soil Sealed by Interlocking</div><div>1.3.1 Periodical Exchange of Interlocking and History of Land Use Change</div><div>1.3.2 Soil Description and Brief Chemical Characteristics in the Soil Profile with Buried Concrete</div><div>1.4 Soils Sealed by Concrete</div><div>1.4.1 Land Use and Overview of the site</div><div>1.4.2 Profile Characteristics and Brief Chemical Characteristics</div><div>1.5 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>2. Soils constructed on Ski Slopes</div><div>2.1 Introduction</div><div>2.2 Ski Hills in Gifu Prefecture</div><div>2.2.1 Management of Ski Hills</div><div>2.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties at Different Ski Hills</div><div>2.3 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>3. Soils on River Embankments</div><div>3.1 Introduction</div><div>3.2 The River Embankment in Saga Prefecture&nbsp;</div><div>3.2.1 Construction of Levee along Rokkaku-gawa River&nbsp;</div><div>3.2.2 Soil Descriptions with Soil Profiles</div><div>3.2.3 Growth of Invasive Grass Species on the Levee</div><div>3.3 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>4. Soils in Historical Urban Parks</div><div>4.1 Introduction</div><div>4.2 The Institute of Nature Study, Shiroganedai, Tokyo&nbsp;</div><div>4.2.1 History of Land Use at The Institute of Nature Study</div><div>4.2.2 Soil Description and Soil Properties with 13C values</div><div>4.3 Shinjuku Gyoen Park</div><div>4.3.1 History of Land Use at Shinjuku Gyoen Park</div><div>4.3.2 Soil Compactness and Soil Physico-chemicial Properties</div><div>4.4 Kitanomaru Garden</div><div>4.4.1 History of Land Use at Kitanomaru Garden</div><div>4.4.2 Soil Classification and General Properties</div><div>4.5 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>5. Soils on Coastal Berms for Reproducing the Coastal Forests Damaged by the Mega-tsunami</div><div>5.1 Introduction</div><div>5.2 Matsu-Bayashi National Forest District (Arahama area)</div><div>5.2.1 Geological Information of Constructed Soil Materials</div><div>5.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>5.3 Dai National Forest District (Natori area)</div><div>5.3.1 Geological Information and Planted Vegetation</div><div>5.3.2 Soil Description and Physical Properties</div><div>5.4 Rikuzen-Takata District (Otomo)</div>5.4.1 Background Information of the Planted Forest<div>5.4.2 Soil Description and Physical Properties</div><div>5.5 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>6. Soils Filled in Swamplands behind Coastal Sand Dunes to Prevent Coastal Disaster</div><div>6.1 Introduction</div><div>6.2 Matsugaya coastal forest</div><div>6.2.1 Construction of the Growth Foundation&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>6.2.2 Soil Description and Soil Classification using Soil Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>6.3 Ushigome coastal forest</div><div>6.3.1 Construction of the Growth Foundation with and without Tillage&nbsp;</div><div>6.3.2 Soil Description and Soil Classification using Soil Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>6.4 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>7. Geotechnical Issues for Developing Coastal Waste-Landfill</div><div>7.1 Introduction</div><div>7.2 Testing Program to Investigate Heavy Metal Mobility in Coastal Landfill</div><div>7.3 Testing Program to Investigate Mechanical Properties of Coastal Landfill</div><div>7.4 Summary of the Testing Results</div><div>7.4.1 Heavy Metal Mobility in Coastal Landfill</div><div>7.4.2 Mechanical properties of coastal landfill</div><div>7.5 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>8. Soils on Man-made Islands in Tokyo Bay</div><div>8.1 Introduction</div><div>8.2 Soil on the Man-Made Island, “The Uminomori Park”</div><div>8.2.1 The Plan for Greenery Land Use in Tokyo Bay</div><div>8.2.2 Soil Description and Properties at the 2014 site</div><div>8.2.3 Soil Description and Properties at the 2012 Site</div><div>8.2.4 Soil Description and Properties at the 2008 Site&nbsp;</div><div>8.3 Greenery Area for Golf and Amusement Facilities in The Wakasu Seaside Park</div><div>8.3.1 Construction of the Man-Made Island with Municipal Wastes</div>8.3.2 Soil Description and Soil Properties 40 years after the construction<div>8.4 Urban Sanctuary of the Tokyo Wild Bird Park&nbsp;</div><div>8.4.1 History of the Tokyo Wild Bird Park</div><div>8.4.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>8.5 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>9. Soils in the Reclaimed Land after Drainage in Isahaya Bay</div><div>9.1 Introduction</div><div>9.2 Investigation of Isahaya Bay Polder Soils</div><div>9.2.1 Management for the Water Level in Isahaya Bay&nbsp;</div><div>9.2.2 Soil Descriptions of the Former Tidal Land</div><div>9.3 Comparison of Soil Properties under the Different Vegetation in the Reclaimed Land</div><div>9.4 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>10. Soil Dressing with Alluvial Soil Materials “Dorotsuke”</div><div>10.1 Introduction</div><div>10.2 Dorotsuke in the Omiya Upland Area</div><div>10.2.1 Geological and Agricultural Setting of the Omiya upland&nbsp;</div><div>10.2.2 Soil Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>10.3 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>11. Soils Modified by Topsoil Dressing and Deep Tilling in Peaty Farmland</div>11.1 Introduction<div>11.2 Management by Soil Dressing on Low Moor Peat Land, Nanporo-1</div><div>11.2.1 Vegetable Field with Shallow Tillage</div><div>11.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>11.3 Management by Soil Dressing on High Moor Peat Land, Nanporo-2</div>11.3.1 Wheat Field with Deep tillage&nbsp;<div>11.3.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>11.4 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>12. Soils in Greenhouse Fields in an Urbanized Area</div><div>12.1 Introduction</div><div>12.2 Site 1: Man-made Agricultural Soils Established on the Paddy Fields in Urban Areas</div><div>12.2.1 Shifting of Agricultural Land Uses from Paddy Field</div><div>12.2.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>12.3 Site 2. Man-made Agricultural Soils Established on the Reclaimed Residential Areas</div><div>12.3.1 Vegetable Cultivation Converted from the Reclaimed Residential Area</div><div>12.3.2 Soil Description and Physico-Chemical Properties</div><div>12.4 Conclusion</div><div><br></div><div>13. Conversion of Land Uses in Cultivated Land</div><div>13.1 Introduction</div><div>13.2 Abandoned Paddy Field Located on Valley Plains</div><div>13.2.1 Conversion of Land Uses since 1970’s</div><div>13.2.2 Soil description at the chestnut orchard, parking lot and&nbsp; buckwheat field</div><div>13.3 Soil Properties and Effects of Land Use Changes</div><div>13.4 Conclusion</div><div><br></div>