Biological Anthropology

<h3>Preface<h3>To the Reader<h2>1 Biological Anthropology<h3>In the Field: Doing Biological Anthropology<h4>Among the Hutterites<h4>A Hawaiian in Connecticut<h3>What Is Biological Anthropology?<h4>Defining Anthropology<h4>The Specialties of Bioanthropology<h3>Bioanthropology and Science<h4>The Scientific Method<h4>Some Common Misconceptions about Science<h4>Science Is Conducted in a Cultural Context<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Is Evolution a Fact, a Theory, or Just a Hypothesis?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>2 The Evolution of Evolution<h3>"On the Shoulders of Giants": Explaining the Changing Earth<h4>The Biblical Context<h4>The Framework of "Natural Philosophy"<h3>"Common Sense at Its Best": Explaining Biological Change<h4>Darwin's Predecessors<h4>Charles Darwin<h4>The Modern Theory of Evolution<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Has Science Dehumanized Society?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>3 Evolutionary Genetics<h3>How Genes Work<h3>An Overview of the Human Genome<h3>From Genes to Traits<h3>How Inheritance Works<h3>Contemporary Reflections: What is Genetic Cloning?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>4 The Processes of Evolution<h3>Species: The Units of Evolution<h3>The Four Processes of Evolution<h4>Mutations: Necessary Errors<h4>Natural Selection: The Prime Mover of Evolution<h4>Gene Flow: Mixing Populations' Genes<h4>Genetic Drift: Random Evolution<h3>Sickle Cell Anemia: Evolutionary Processes in Action<h4>Genetics and Symptoms<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Are Humans Still Evolving?<h4>The Adaptive Explanation<h4>Other Relationships<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>5 The Origin of Species and the Shape of Evolution<h3>New Species<h4>Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms<h4>Processes of Speciation<h3>The Evolution of Life's Diversity<h4>Our Family Tree<h4>Adaptive Radiation<h3>The Grand Pattern of Evolution<h4>The Pattern of Speciation<h4>Species Selection<h4>Catastrophic Mass Extinctions<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Are There Alternatives to Evolution?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>6 A Brief Evolutionary Timetable<h3>From the Beginning: A Quick History<h3>Drifting Continents and Mass Extinctions: The Pace of Change<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Are Mass Extinctions a Thing of the Past?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>7 The Primates<h3>Naming the Animals<h3>What Is a Primate?<h4>The Senses<h4>Movement<h4>Reproduction<h4>Intelligence<h4>Behavior Patterns<h4>The Primate Adaptive Strategy<h3>A Survey of the Living Primates<h4>Prosimians<h4>Anthropoids<h3>The Human Primate<h4>The Senses<h4>Movement<h4>Reproduction<h3>Contemporary Reflections: What Is the Status of Our Closest Relatives?<h4>Intelligence<h4>Behavior Patterns<h3>Are We Hominids or Hominins?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>8 Primate Behavior and Human Evolution<h3>Behavioral Evolution<h4>How Do Complex Behaviors Evolve?<h4>How Do We Study Behavior?<h3>Primate Behavior<h4>Baboons<h4>Chimpanzees<h4>Bonobos<h3>Culture and Social Cognition<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Are Some Human Behaviors Genetic?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>9 Studying the Human Past<h3>Bones: The Primate Skeleton<h3>Old Bones: Locating, Recovering, and Dating Fossils<h4>Finding Fossils<h4>Recovering Fossils<h4>Dating Fossils<h3>How Fossils Get to Be Fossils<h3>Genes: New Windows to the Past<h4>The "Molecular Clock"<h4>The Genetic Differences between Chimps and Humans <h3>Contemporary Reflections: Who Owns Old Bones?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>10 Evolution of the Early Hominids<h3>The Origin and Evolution of the Primates<h3>Bipedalism<h4>The Benefits of Bipedalism<h4>The Evolution of Bipedalism<h3>The Early Hominids<h4>Australopithecus<h4>Paranthropus<h3>The Search for the First Hominids<h4>Ardipithecus<h4>Kenyanthropus<h4>Orrorin<h4>Sahelanthropus<h3>Putting It All Together<h4>Connecting the Dots<h4>The Ecological Context<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Is There a "Missing Link"?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>11 The Evolution of Genus Homo<h3>The Nature of Genus Homo<h3>The First Members of Genus Homo<h4>The First Stone Tools<h4>The Fossils<h4>A New Adaptive Mode<h3>To New Lands<h4>The First Fossils<h4>Migration and the Ice Ages<h4>The Life of Homo erectus<h3>Big Brains, Archaic Skulls<h4>Homo antecessor<h4>Homo heidelbergensis<h3>The Neandertals<h4>Physical Features<h4>Culture<h3>Modern Humans<h4>Anatomy<h4>Dates<h4>Culture<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Who Are the "Hobbits" from Indonesia?<h3>More Neandertals and Yet Another Human Group?<h3>The Debate Over Modern Human Origins<h4>The Models<h4>The Evidence<h4>Is This Debate Important?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>12 Evolution and Adaptation in Human Populations<h3>Population Adaptations<h4>Species Adaptations<h4>Variation in Adaptations<h4>Are All Variations Adaptively Important?<h3>Disease and Human Populations<h4>Diseases are "Natural"<h4>Disease and Hominid Evolution<h4>Disease and Human History<h4>Emerging Diseases<h3><I>Contemporary Reflections: Are There Jewish Diseases? Are There Black Pharmaceuticals?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>13 Human Biological Diversity<h3>Sex and Gender<h3>Why Are There No Biological Races Within the Human Species?<h4>Race as a Biological Concept<h4>Human Phenotypic Variation<h4>Genetic Variation<h4>Evolutionary Theory<h3>What, Then, Are Human Races?<h3>Anthropology and the History of Race Studies<h3>Race, Bioanthropology, and Social Issues<h4>Race and Intelligence<h4>Race and Athletic Ability<h3>Contemporary Reflections: Are Genetic Ancestry Tests Worth the Money?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h2>14 Biological Anthropology and Today's World<h3>Forensic Anthropology: Reading the Bones<h3>Lessons from the Past<h3>Bioanthropology and Global Issues<h3>Contemporary Reflections: What Can One Do with a Degree in Bioanthropology?<h3>Summary<h3>Questions for Further Thought<h3>Key Terms<h3>Suggested Readings<h3>Appendix I: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code<h3>Appendix II: Genes in Populations<h3>Glossary of Human and Nonhuman Primates<h3>Glossary of Terms<h3>References<h3>Credits<h3>Index