Phase Transformations in Steels

<p>Part I: Fundamentals of phase transformations</p> <p>Chapter 1: The historical development of phase transformations understanding in ferrous alloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 The legacy of ferrous technology, characterization, and understanding prior to 1880</p> <p>1.3 The recognition of ferrous phase transformations in the first period (1880–1925)</p> <p>1.4 The consolidation of ferrous phase transformations in the second period (1925–1970)</p> <p>1.5 Conclusion</p> <p>1.6 Bibliography</p> <p>Chapter 2: Thermodynamics of phase transformations in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction: the use of thermodynamics in phase transformations</p> <p>2.2 External and internal variables</p> <p>2.3 The state of equilibrium</p> <p>2.4 The combined first and second law – its application</p> <p>2.5 The calculation of thermodynamic properties and equilibrium under fixed T, P and composition</p> <p>2.6 Gibbs energy of phases in steel – the Calphad method</p> <p>2.7 Various kinds of phase diagrams</p> <p>2.8 Effect of interfaces</p> <p>2.9 Thermodynamics of fluctuations in equilibrium systems</p> <p>2.10 Thermodynamics of nucleation</p> <p>Chapter 3: Fundamentals of diffusion in phase transformations</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Driving forces of simultaneous processes</p> <p>3.3 Atomistic model of diffusion</p> <p>3.4 Change to a new frame of reference</p> <p>3.5 Evaluation of mobilities</p> <p>3.6 Trapping and transition to diffusionless transformation</p> <p>3.7 Future trends</p> <p>3.8 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Chapter 4: Kinetics of phase transformations in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 General kinetic models</p> <p>4.3 Geometrical/microstructural aspects in kinetics</p> <p>4.4 Nucleation</p> <p>4.5 Growth</p> <p>4.6 Experimental methods</p> <p>4.7 Industrial relevance</p> <p>4.8 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 5: Structure, energy and migration of phase boundaries in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Atomic structure of phase boundaries</p> <p>5.3 Free energies of phase boundaries</p> <p>5.4 Migration of phase boundaries</p> <p>5.5 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>Part II: Diffusion-controlled transformations</p> <p>Chapter 6: Fundamentals of ferrite formation in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Crystallography</p> <p>6.3 Transformation ranges</p> <p>6.4 Nucleation</p> <p>6.5 Growth</p> <p>6.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 7: Proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Temperature-composition range of formation of proeutectoid ferrite and cementite</p> <p>7.3 The Dubé morphological classification system</p> <p>7.4 Three-dimensional morphological classifications</p> <p>7.5 Crystallographic orientation relationships with austenite</p> <p>7.6 Habit plane, growth direction and interfacial structure of proeutectoid precipitates</p> <p>7.7 Future trends</p> <p>7.8 Source of further information and advice</p> <p>7.9 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 8: The formation of pearlite in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 An overview of the pearlite reaction</p> <p>8.3 Crystallographic aspects of the reaction</p> <p>8.4 The role of alloying elements</p> <p>8.5 The deformation of pearlite</p> <p>8.6 Future trends in pearlitic steels</p> <p>8.7 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>8.8 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 9: Nature and kinetics of the massive austenite-ferrite phase transformations in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Kinetic information based on thermal analysis</p> <p>9.3 Modular phase transformation model</p> <p>9.4 Characteristics of normal and abnormal transformations</p> <p>9.5 Kinetics of the normal transformation</p> <p>9.6 Kinetics of the abnormal transformation</p> <p>9.7 Transition from diffusion-controlled growth to interface-controlled growth</p> <p>9.8 Transition from interface-controlled growth to diffusion-controlled growth</p> <p>9.9 Massive transformation under uniaxial compressive stress</p> <p>9.10 Conclusion</p> <p>Part III: Bainite and diffusional-displacive transformations</p> <p>Chapter 10: Mechanisms of bainite transformation in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Bainite: general characteristics</p> <p>10.3 Diffusion-controlled growth mechanism</p> <p>10.4 Displacive mechanism of transformation</p> <p>10.5 Summary and conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 11: Carbide-containing bainite in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Definitions of bainite structure</p> <p>11.2 Crystallography and related characteristics of ferrite in bainite</p> <p>11.3 Characteristics of carbide precipitation in bainite structure</p> <p>11.4 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 12: Carbide-free bainite in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Influence of silicon on cementite precipitation in steels</p> <p>12.3 Carbon distribution during the carbide-free bainite reaction</p> <p>12.4 Microstructural observations of plastic accommodation in carbide-free bainite</p> <p>12.5 Conclusions</p> <p>12.6 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Chapter 13: Kinetics of bainite transformation in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Transformation diagrams</p> <p>13.3 Nucleation and growth of bainite</p> <p>13.4 Start temperature of bainite</p> <p>13.5 Effect of alloying elements</p> <p>13.6 Overall kinetics</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions</p> <p>13.8 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Part IV: Additional driving forces for transformations</p> <p>Chapter 14: Nucleation and growth during the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation in steels after plastic deformation</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Background</p> <p>14.3 Experiments and simulations on the effect of plastic deformation on ferrite formation</p> <p>14.4 Future trends and conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 15: Dynamic strain-induced ferrite transformation (DSIT) in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 What limits grain refinement in conventional static transformation?</p> <p>15.3 Ultrafine ferrite formation in steels</p> <p>15.4 Nature of the transformation</p> <p>15.5 Modelling</p> <p>15.6 Can grain sizes less than 1 μm be achieved?</p> <p>15.7 Industrial implementation</p> <p>15.8 Future trends</p> <p>15.9 Conclusions</p> <p>15.10 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 16: The effect of a magnetic field on phase transformations in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Evolution of the magnetic field generators</p> <p>16.3 Basic mechanisms of field influence on a phase transformation in steels</p> <p>16.4 Effect of magnetic field on phase equilibrium and transformation</p> <p>16.5 Future trends and conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 17: The effect of heating rate on reverse transformations in steels and Fe-Ni-based alloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 Effect of heating rate on austenite formation in steels</p> <p>17.3 Effect of heating rate on austenite microstructure after γ → α(α) → γ phase transformations in quenched steels</p> <p>17.4 Effect of rapid heating on mechanical properties of steels and its applications</p> <p>17.5 Effect of heating rate on the reverse austenite transformation in Fe-Ni-based alloys</p> <p>17.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Index</p>