Development, Growth and Evolution

Molecular Control of Vertebrate Limb Development, Evolution, and Congenital Malformations:<br>M.J. Cohn and P.E. Bright, Introduction.<br>Specification and Initiation of Limbs.<br>Limb Identity: Forelimbs or Hindlimbs?<br>Outgrowth and Patterning: Generating Bones from Buds.<br>Hox Genes in Limb Development.<br>Evolution of Tetrapod Limbs.<br>Congenital Limb Anomalies: Linking Malformations to Molecules.<br>Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References.<br>Biomechanical Influences on Skeletal Growth and Development:<br>T. Skerry, Introduction.<br>Functions of the Skeleton.<br>Historical Perspectives of Mechanical Influences on Bone.<br>Quantitative Studies on Effects of Loading on Bone.<br>Responses of Bone Cells to Loading.<br>Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References.<br>The Evolution of Mammalian Morphology: A Developmental Perspective:<br>C.O. Lovejoy, M.J. Cohn and T.D. White, Introduction.<br>Early Patterning of the Limb Skeleton.<br>Functional Integration Within the Limb Bud.<br>Some Implications for the Interpretation of Mammalian Skeletal Evolution.<br>Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References.<br>Development and Patterning of the Cranium:<br>P. Thorogood and T. Schilling.<br>Ontogeny, Homology, and Phylogeny in the Problem of the Browridge:<br>D.E. Lieberman.<br>The Problem: How Do We Retrieve Reliable Information on Phylogeny from the Skull?<br>Homology.<br>Integrating Homology and Development.<br>How Do We Study Processes of Hominid Cranial Development? Example: The Browridge.<br>Conclusion. Acknowledgments. Appendix. References.<br>Imaging Skeletal Growth and Evolution:<br>F. Spoor, N. Jeffery and F. Zonneveld, Overview.<br>Introduction.<br>Plain Film Radiography.<br>Computed Tomography.<br>Micro-CT/X-ray Microtomograpy.<br>Magnetic Resonance.<br>High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging.<br>Three Dimensional Imaging.<br>Quantitative Analysis.<br>Working With Images.<br>Future Prospects.<br>Acknowledgments. References.<br>Appendix: Glossary of Imaging Terms.<br>Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Craniofacial Growth and Evolution: Advances in Morphometric Techniques:<br>P. O'Higgins, Growth and Evolution of the Face: Motivation. Analysing and Modelling Morphological Transformations in Growth and Evolution.<br>Quantifying Morphology.<br>Variations in Size and Shape.<br>Geometric Analyses of Cranial Variation in Primates.<br>Growth and Evolution of the Face: Prospect.<br>Acknowledgments. Software. References.<br>Interpreting the Hominid Dentition: Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Aspects:<br>G.T. Schwartz and C. Dean, Introduction.<br>Tooth Formation and the Development of Crown Morphology.<br>Incremental Markings in Enamel and Dentine.<br>Evidence for the Periodicity of Circadian and Longer Period Incremental Markings.<br>Using Incremental Markings to Study Growth in Fossil Teeth.<br>Phylogenetic Scenarios for the Evolution of Thick Enamel.<br>Cuspal Enamel Growth.<br>Dental Development Schedules in Hominoids.<br>Life History and Primate Evolution.<br>Summary. Acknowledgments. References. Glossary.<br>Morphometrics of the Primate Skeleton and the Functional and Developmental Underpinnings of Species Diversity:<br>C.E. Oxnard, Introduction.<br>Morphometric Studies of Individual Functional Units.<br>Morphometric Studies of Integrated Combinations of Functional Units.<br>Masticatory System: Function, Development and Evolution.<br>Locomotor System: Function, Development and Evolution.<br>Studies of the Niche:"Function" and "Evolution."<br>Studies of the Brain: "Neurometrics." Summary of Results from Clusters of Variables.<br>Theoretical Information Content of Data Sets.<br>Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References.