<p>Preface to Second Edition<br> Preface to First Edition<br> Note to Instructors<br> About the Author<br> Notational Conventions</p> <p><strong>Chapter 1: Introduction<br> </strong>1.0. Preview <br> 1.1. The History of MEMS Development <br> 1.1.1. From the Beginning to 1990 <br> 1.1.2. From 1990 to 2001 <br> 1.1.3. 2002 to present <br> 1.1.4. Future Trends <br> 1.2. The Intrinsic Characteristics of MEMS <br> 1.2.1. Miniaturization <br> 1.2.2. Microelectronics Integration <br> 1.2.3. Parallel Fabrication with Precision <br> 1.3. Devices: Sensors and Actuators <br> 1.3.1. Energy Domains and Transducers <br> 1.3.2. Sensors Considerations <br> 13.3. Sensor Noise and Design Complexity <br> 1.3.4. Actuators Considerations <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 2: First-Pass Introduction to Microfabrication </strong> <br> 2.0. Preview <br> 2.1. Overview of Microfabrication <br> 2.2. Essential Overview of Frequently Used Microfabrication Processes <br> 2.2.1. Photolithography <br> 2.2.2. Thin film deposition <br> 2.2.3. Thermal oxidation of silicon <br> 2.2.4. Wet Etching <br> 2.2.5. Silicon anisotropic etching <br> 2.2.6. Plasma etching and reactive ion etching <br> 2.2.7. Doping <br> 2.2.8. Wafer dicing <br> 2.2.9. Wafer bonding <br> 2.3. The Microelectronics Fabrication Process Flow <br> 2.4. Silicon-based MEMS Processes <br> 2.5. Packaging and Integration <br> 2.5.1. Integration Options <br> 2.5.2. Encapsulation <br> 2.6. New Materials and Fabrication Processes <br> 2.7. Process Selection and Design <br> 2.7.1. Points of Consideration for Deposition Processes <br> 2.7.2. Points of Consideration for Etching Processes <br> 2.7.3. Ideal Rules for Building a Process Flow <br> 2.7.4. Rules for Building a Robust Process <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 3: Review of Essential Electrical and Mechanical Concepts </strong> <br> 3.0 Preview <br> 3.1. Conductivity of Semiconductors <br> 3.1.1. Semiconductor Materials <br> 3.1.2. Calculation of Charge Carrier Concentration <br> 3.1.3. Conductivity and Resistivity <br> 3.2. Crystal Planes and Orientations <br> 3.3. Stress and Strain <br> 3.3.1. Internal Force Analysis: Newton's Laws of Motion <br> 3.3.2. Definitions of Stress and Strain <br> 3.3.3. General Scalar Relation between Tensile Stress and Strain <br> 3.3.4. Mechanical Properties of Silicon and Related Thin Films <br> 3.3.5. General Stress — Strain Relations <br> 3.4. Flexural Beam Bending Analysis under Simple Loading Conditions <br> 3.4.1. Types of Beams <br> 3.4.2. Longitudinal Strain under Pure Bending <br> 3.4.3. Deflection of Beams <br> 3.4.4. Finding the Spring Constants <br> 3.5. Torsional Deflections <br> 3.6. Intrinsic Stress <br> 3.7. Dynamic System, Resonant Frequency, and Quality Factor <br> 3.7.1. Dynamic System and Governing Equation <br> 3.7.2. Response under Sinusoidal Resonant Input <br> 3.7.3. Damping and Quality Factor <br> 3.7.4. Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth <br> 3.8. Active Tuning of Spring Constant and Resonant Frequency <br> 3.9. A List of Suggested Courses and Books <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References<br> <br> <strong>Chapter 4: Electrostatic Sensing and Actuation</strong><br> Section 4.0. Preview <br> Section 4.1. Introduction to Electrostatic Sensors and Actuators <br> Section 4.2. Parallel Plate Capacitor <br> 4.2.1. Capacitance of Parallel Plates <br> 4.2.2. Equilibrium Position of Electrostatic Actuator under Bias <br> 4.2.3. Pull-in Effect of Parallel-Plate Actuators <br> Section 4.3. Applications of Parallel-Plate Capacitors <br> 4.3.1. Inertia Sensor <br> 4.3.2. Pressure Sensor <br> 4.3.3. Flow Sensor <br> 4.3.4. Tactile sensor <br> 4.3.5. Parallel-plate actuators <br> Section 4.4. Interdigitated Finger Capacitors <br> Section 4.5. Applications of Comb-Drive Devices <br> 4.5.1. Inertia Sensors <br> 4.5.2. Actuators <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 5: Thermal Sensing and Actuation</strong><br> 5.0. Preview <br> 5.1. Introduction <br> 5.1.1. Thermal Sensors <br> 5.1.2. Thermal Actuators <br> 5.1.3. Fundamentals of Thermal Transfer <br> 5.2. Sensors and Actuators Based on Thermal Expansion<br> 5.2.1. Thermal Bimorph Principle <br> 5.2.2. Thermal Actuators with a Single Material <br> 5.3. Thermal Couples <br> 5.4. Thermal Resistors <br> 5.5. Applications <br> 5.5.1. Inertia Sensors <br> 5.5.2. Flow Sensors <br> 5.5.3. Infrared Sensors <br> 5.5.4. Other Sensors <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 6: Piezoresistive Sensors </strong> <br> 6.0. Preview <br> 6.1. Origin and Expression of Piezoresistivity <br> 6.2. Piezoresistive Sensor Materials <br> 6.2.1. Metal Strain Gauges <br> 6.2.2. Single Crystal Silicon <br> 6.2.3. Polycrystalline Silicon <br> 6.3. Stress Analysis of Mechanical Elements <br> 6.3.1. Stress in Flexural Cantilevers <br> 6.3.2. Stress and Deformation in Membrane <br> 6.4. Applications of Piezoresistive Sensors <br> 6.4.1. Inertial Sensors <br> 6.4.2. Pressure Sensors <br> 6.4.3. Tactile sensor <br> 6.4.4. Flow sensor <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 7: Piezoelectric Sensing and Actuation </strong><br> 7.0. Preview <br> 7.1. Introduction <br> 7.1.1. Background <br> 7.1.2. Mathematical description of piezoelectric effects <br> 7.1.3. Cantilever piezoelectric actuator model <br> 7.2. Properties of Piezoelectric Materials <br> 7.2.1. Quartz <br> 7.2.2. PZT <br> 7.2.3. PVDF <br> 7.2.4. ZnO <br> 7.2.5. Other Materials <br> 7.3. Applications <br> 7.3.1. Inertia Sensors <br> 7.3.2. Acoustic Sensors <br> 7.3.3. Tactile Sensors <br> 7.3.4. Flow Sensors <br> 7.3.5. Surface Elastic Waves <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 8: Magnetic Actuation <br> </strong>8.0. Preview <br> 8.1. Essential Concepts and Principles <br> 8.1.1. Magnetization and Nomenclatures <br> 8.1.3. Selected Principles of Micro Magnetic Actuators <br> 8.2 Fabrication of Micro Magnetic Components <br> 8.2.1. Deposition of Magnetic Materials <br> 8.2.2. Design and Fabrication of Magnetic Coil <br> 8.3. Case Studies of MEMS Magnetic Actuators <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 9: Summary of Sensing and Actuation Methods</strong><br> 9.0. Preview <br> 9.1. Comparison of Major Sensing and Actuation Methods <br> 9.2. Other Sensing and Actuation Methods <br> 9.2.1. Tunneling Sensing <br> 9.2.3 Optical Sensing <br> 9.2.4. Field Effect Transistors <br> 9.2.5. Radio Frequency Resonance Sensing <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 10: Bulk Micromachining and Silicon Anisotropic Etching <br> </strong>10.0. Preview <br> 10.1. Introduction <br> 10.2. Anisotropic Wet Etching <br> 10.2.1. Introduction <br> 10.2.2. Rules of Anisotropic Etching–Simplest Case <br> 10.2.3. Rules of Anisotropic Etching–Complex Structures <br> 10.2.4. Forming Protrusions <br> 10.2.5. Interaction of Etching Profiles from Isolated Patterns <br> 10.2.6. Summary of design methodology <br> 10.2.7. Chemicals for Wet Anisotropic Etching <br> 10.3. Dry Etching and Deep Reactive Ion Etching <br> 10.4. Isotropic Wet Etching <br> 10.5. Gas Phase Etchants <br> 10.6. Native Oxide <br> 10.7. Special Wafers and Techniques <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 11: Surface Micromachining </strong> <br> 11.0. Preview <br> 11.1. Basic Surface Micromachining Processes <br> 11.1.1. Sacrificial Etching Process <br> 11.1.2. Micro Motor Fabrication Process–A First Pass <br> 11.2.3. Micro Motor Fabrication Process–A Second Pass <br> 11.1.4. Micro Motor Fabrication Process–Third Pass <br> 11.2. Structural and Sacrificial Materials <br> 11.2.1. Material Selection Criteria for a Two-layer Process <br> 11.2.2. Thin Films by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition <br> 11.2.3. Other Surface Micromachining Materials and Processes <br> 11.3. Acceleration of Sacrificial Etch <br> 11.4. Stiction and Anti-stiction Methods <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 12: Process Synthesis: Putting It all Together </strong><br> 12.0. Preview <br> 12.1. Process for Suspension Beams <br> 12.2. Process for Membranes <br> 12.3. Process for Cantilevers <br> 12.3.1. SPM Technologies Case Motivation <br> 12.3.2. General Fabrication Methods for Tips <br> 12.3.3. Cantilevers with Integrated Tips <br> 12.3.4. Cantilevers with Integrated Sensors <br> 12.3.5. SPM Probes with Actuators <br> 12.4. Practical Factors Affecting Yield of MEMS <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 13: Polymer MEMS </strong> <br> 13.0. Preview <br> 13.1. Introduction <br> 13.2. Polymers in MEMS <br> 13.2.1. Polyimide <br> 13.2.2. SU-8 <br> 13.2.3. Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) <br> 13.2.4. PDMS <br> 13.2.5. PMMA <br> 13.2.6. Parylene <br> 13.2.7. Fluorocarbon <br> 13.2.8. Other Polymers <br> 13.3. Representative Applications <br> 13.3.1. Acceleration Sensors <br> 13.3.2. Pressure Sensors <br> 13.3.3. Flow sensors <br> 13.3.4. Tactile Sensors <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> Reference </p> <p><strong>Chapter 14: Micro Fluidics Applications </strong> <br> 14.0. Preview <br> 14.1. Motivation for Microfluidics <br> 14.2. Essential Biology Concepts <br> 14.3. Basic Fluid Mechanics Concepts <br> 14.3.1. The Reynolds Number and Viscosity <br> 14.3.2. Methods for Fluid Movement in Channels <br> 14.3.3. Pressure Driven Flow <br> 14.3.4. Electrokinetic Flow <br> 14.3.5. Electrophoresis and Dielectrophoresis <br> 14.4. Design and Fabrication of Selective Components <br> 14.4.1. Channels <br> 14.4.2. Valves <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p><strong>Chapter 15: Case Studies of Selected MEMS Products </strong> <br> 15.0. Preview <br> 15.1. Case Studies: Blood Pressure (BP) Sensor <br> 15.1.1. Background and History <br> 15.1.2. Device Design Considerations <br> 15.1.3. Commercial Case: NovaSensor BP Sensor <br> 15.2. Case Studies: Microphone <br> 15.2.1. Background and History <br> 15.2.2. Design Considerations <br> 15.2.3. Commercial Case: Knowles Microphone <br> 15.3. Case Studies: Acceleration Sensors <br> 15.3.1. Background and History <br> 15.4.2. Design Considerations <br> 15.4.1. Commercial Case: Analog Devices and MEMSIC <br> 15.4. Case Studies: Gyros <br> 15.4.1. Background and History <br> 15.4.2. The Coriolis Force <br> 15.4.3. MEMS Gyro Design <br> 15.4.4. Single Axis Gyro Dynamics <br> 15.4.4. Commercial Case: InvenSense Gyro <br> 15.5 Summary of Top Concerns for MEMS Product Development <br> 15.5.1. Performance and Accuracy <br> 15.5.2. Repeatability and Reliability <br> 15.5.3. Managing the Cost of MEMS Products <br> 15.5.4. Market Uncertainties, Investment, and Competition <br> Summary <br> Problems <br> References </p> <p>Appendix 1: Characteristics of selected MEMS material<br> Appendix 2: Frequently Used Formula for Beams, Cantilevers, and Plates<br> Appendix 3: Basic Tools for Dealing with a Mechanical Second-order Dynamic System<br> Appendix 4: Most Commonly Encountered Materials<br> Appendix 5: Most Commonly Encountered Material Removal Process Steps<br> Appendix 6: A List of General Compatibility between General Materials and Processes<br> Appendix 7: Comparison of Commercial Inertial Sensors<br> Answers to selected problems<br> Index<br> </p>