Archaeological Survey

I. Introduction.- 1. A Brief History of Archaeological Survey.- 2. Survey’s Unique Contribution to Archaeology.- 3. Surface Distributions and Buried Landscapes.- 4. Research Design in Archaeological Survey.- II. The Goals of Archaeological Survey.- 1. Types of Goals.- III. The Discovery of Archaeological Materials by Survey.- 1. Factors Affecting Archaeological Detection.- 2. Estimating Discovery Probabilities.- 3. Post-depositional Factors that Affect Spatial Pattern.- 4. Summary.- IV. Units, Sampling Frames, and Edge Effects in Archaeological Survey.- 1. The Spatial Distribution of Material Culture.- 2. Boundaries of the Survey Area.- 3. Types, Shapes, and Orientation of Units.- 4. Scale Effects in Archaeological Survey.- 5. Conclusions.- V. Sampling Space: Statistical Surveys.- 1. Sampling Designs.- 2. Sample Size and Estimation.- 3. Using Samples.- 4. Conclusion.- VI. Purposive Survey: Prospection.- 1. Prospecting.- 2. Prospection to Test Models or Hypotheses.- 3. Bayesian Prospection and Operations Research.- 4. Game Theory and Linear Programming in Optimal Searches.- 5. Conclusions.- VII. Surveying for Spatial Structure.- 1. What is Spatial Structure?.- 2. “The Case for Total Survey”.- 3. How to Survey for Spatial Structure.- 4. Conclusion.- VIII. Cultural Resource Management and Site Significance.- 1. What is Cultural Resource Management?.- 2. Regional Impact assessments by Field Survey.- 3. Assessing Significance.- 4. Administrative, Ethical, and Legal Aspects of CRM.- 5. Conclusion.- IX. Surveying Sites and Landscapes.- 1. Fieldwalking and Surface Survey.- 2. Common Attributes of Sites.- 3. Examining Sites and Collecting or Recording Artifacts.- 4. Documenting “Non-Site” or “Off-Site” Material Culture.- 5. Intertidal Surveys.- 6. Controls and DataQuality.- 7. Conclusion.- X. Evaluating Surveys.- 1. Assessing Detection Probabilities.- 2. Assessing the “Exhaustion” of a Region.- 3. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Sampling.- 4. Assessing the Reliability of Crew Observations.- 5. Assessing Bias in the Characterization of Finds.- 6. Assessing Variations in Collection Method.- 7. Conclusion.- XI. Surveying the Future.- 1. Survey’s Expanding Role.- 2. Investigating “Hidden” and Neglected Landscapes.- 3. Survey Method and Technology.- 4. Mathematical Approaches to Survey Theory and Evaluation.- 5. Conclusion.- Appendix 1. Health, Safety, and Practical Matters in Field Survey.- 1. Health and Safety in Field Survey.- 1.1 Notifying Landowners and Relevant Authorities or Agencies.- 1.2 Educating Team Members.- 1.3 First-Aid.- 1.4 Communication.- 1.5 Preparation for Weather.- 1.6 Risk of Encountering High-voltage Lines, Toxic Waste, or Explosives.- 1.7 Risks from Animals or Disease.- 1.8 Risk from Hunters or Military Activity.- 1.9 Insurance.- 2. Outfitting the Survey Crew.- 2.1 Personal Gear and Bad-weather Gear.- 2.2 Mapping and Recording Instruments.- 2.3 Sampling Equipment and Supplies.- 2.4 Safety Equipment.- 3. Crew Training and Orientation.