Clinical Nephrotoxins

General.- Clinical relevance.- Drug-associated acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit.- Renal handling of drugs and xenobiotics.- Pharmacological aspects of nephrotoxicity.- Pharmacovigilance: from signal to action.- Urinary biomarkers and nephrotoxicity.- Toxin-induced immunological renal disease.- Cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.- Animal models for the assessment of acute renal dysfunction and injury.- Renal cell culture models: Contribution to the understanding of nephrotoxic mechanisms.- Use of dialytic therapies for poisoning.- Specific Drugs.- Aminoglycosides and vancomycin.- Beta-lactam antibiotics.- Amphotericin B.- Sulfonamides, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, pyrimethamine, dapsone, quinolones.- Antiviral agents.- Analgesics and 5-aminosalicylic acid.- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.- Gold salts, D-penicillamine and allopurinol.- Angiotensin I convert ing enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists.- Diuretics and alcohol ingestion.- Anticancer drugs.- Anesthetic agents.- Bisphosphonates and the kidney.- Proton pump inhibitors: acute interstitial nephritis and other renal effects.- Oral sodium phosphate bowel purgatives and acute phosphate nephropathy.- Illicit drug abuse and renal disease.- Nephrotoxicity of calcineurin and mTOR inhibitors.- Immunomodulators: interleukins, interferons, and IV immunoglobulin.- Imaging agents.- Lithium-associated kidney effects.- Oxalate.- Herbal remedies containing aristolochic acid and mushroom nephrotoxicity.- Environmental and Occupational Nephrotoxins.- Lead nephropathy.- Cadmium-induced renal effects.- Mercury-induced renal effects.- Organic solvents, silicon-containing compounds and pesticides.- Balkan nephropathy.- Nephrotoxins in Africa.- Paraphenylene diamine hair dye poisoning.- The Renal Failure Patient.- Trace metal disturbances in end-stage renal failure patients.- Smoking and the kidney.- Star fruit.- Drug dosage in renal failure.