Modern Geometry with Applications

1 Euclidean Geometry.- 1.1 Euclidean Space.- 1.2 Isometries and Congruence.- 1.3 Reflections in the Plane.- 1.4 Reflections in Space.- 1.5 Translations.- 1.6 Rotations.- 1.7 Applications and Examples.- 1.8 Some Key Results of High School Geometry: The Parallel Postulate, Angles of a Triangle, Similar Triangles, and the Pythagorean Theorem.- 1.9 SSS, ASA, and SAS.- 1.10 The General Isometry.- 1.11 Appendix: The Planimeter.- 2 Spherical Geometry.- 2.1 Geodesics.- 2.2 Geodesics on Spheres.- 2.3 The Six Angles of a Spherical Triangle.- 2.4 The Law of Cosines for Sides.- 2.5 The Dual Spherical Triangle.- 2.6 The Law of Cosines for Angles.- 2.7 The Law of Sines for Spherical Triangles.- 2.8 Navigation Problems.- 2.9 Mapmaking.- 2.10 Applications of Stereographic Projection.- 3 Conics.- 3.1 Conic Sections.- 3.2 Foci of Ellipses and Hyperbolas.- 3.3 Eccentricity and Directrix; the Focus of a Parabola.- 3.4 Tangent Lines.- 3.5 Focusing Properties of Conics.- 3.6 Review Exercises: Standard Equations for Smooth Conics.- 3.7 LORAN Navigation.- 3.8 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion.- 3.9 Appendix: Reduction of a Quadratic Equation to Standard Form.- 4 Projective Geometry.- 4.1 Perspective Drawing.- 4.2 Projective Space.- 4.3 Desargues’ Theorem.- 4.4 Cross Ratios.- 4.5 Projections in Coordinates.- 4.6 Homogeneous Coordinates and Duality.- 4.7 Homogeneous Polynomials, Algebraic Curves.- 4.8 Tangents.- 4.9 Dual Curves.- 4.10 Pascal’s and Brianchon’s Theorems.- 5 Special Relativity.- 5.1 Spacetime.- 5.2 Galilean Transformations.- 5.3 The Failure of the Galilean Transformations.- 5.4 Lorentz Transformations.- 5.5 Relativistic Addition of Velocities.- 5.6 Lorentz-FitzGerald Contractions1.- 5.7 Minkowski Geometry.- 5.8 The Slowest Path is a Line.- 5.9 Hyperbolic Angles and the Velocity Addition Formula.- 5.10 Appendix: Circular and Hyperbolic Functions.- References.