Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia

I. Introduction.- 1 The Development of Concepts of Mechanisms of Anesthesia.- II. Anesthesia, Consciousness, and Memory.- 2 Mechanisms of Consciousness with Emphasis on the Cerebral Cortical Component.- 3 Anesthesia Meets Memory: Tools for Critical Appraisal.- III. Sleep, Coma, and Anesthesia—Similarities and Differences.- 4 Sleep and Anesthesia.- 5 Possible Relationships of Anesthetic Coma and Pathological Disorders of Consciousness.- IV. Neural Mechanisms.- 6 Cerebral Cortex—Anesthetic Action on the Electroencephalogram: Cellular and Synaptic Mechanisms and Clinical Monitoring.- 7 Cerebral Mechanisms of Analgesia and Anesthesia in Humans Elucidated by In Vivo Brain Imaging.- 8 Thalamus.- 9 The Hippocampus.- 10 Anesthetic Effects on the Reticular Formation, Brainstem and Central Nervous System Arousal.- 11 Anesthesia, the Spinal Cord and Motor Responses to Noxious Stimulation.- 12 Spinal Cord—Dorsal Horn.- 13 Spinal Cord: Anesthetic Actions on Motor Neurons.- 14 Simple Genetic Models for Anesthetic Action.- 15 Genetic Dissection of Anesthetic Action.- V. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.- 16 General Anesthetic Effects on GABAA Receptors.- 17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Anesthetics.- 18 Actions of General Anesthetic on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels.- 19 Glutamate Receptors: Physiology and Anesthetic Pharmacology.- 20 General Anesthetic Effects on Glycine Receptors.- 21 Presynaptic Actions of General Anesthetics.- 22 The Meyer-Overton Relationship and Its Exceptions.- 23 Protein Models.- 24 The Opioid Receptors.- 25 Local Anesthetics.- 26 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and General Anesthesia.- VI. Future Research.- 27 The Future of Anesthetic Mechanisms Research.