Modelling Drying Processes

1. Introduction: 1.1. Practical background; 1.2. A 'microstructural' discussion of the phenomena of drying of moist porous materials; 1.3. The reaction engineering approach (REA) to modeling drying; 1.4. Summary; 2. Reaction Engineering Approach I: Lumped-REA: 2.1. The REA formulation; 2.2. Determination of REA model parameters; 2.3. Coupling the momentum, heat and mass balances; 2.4. Mass or heat transfer limiting; 2.5. Convective drying of particulates or thin layer products modeled using the L-REA; 2.6. Convective drying of thick samples modeled using the L-REA; 2.7. The intermittent drying of food materials modeled using the L-REA; 2.8. The intermittent drying under time-varying temperature and humidity modeled using the L-REA; 2.9. The heating of wood under linear-increased gas temperature modeled using the L-REA; 2.10. The baking of cake modeled using the L-REA; 2.11. The infrared-heating drying of a mixture of polymer solution under time-varying infrared-heating intensity modeled using the L-REA; 2.12. The intermittent drying of a mixture of polymer solution under time-varying infrared-heating intensity modeled using the L-REA; 2.13. Summary; 3. Reaction Engineering Approach II: Spatial-REA: 3.1. The spatial reaction engineering approach (S-REA) formulation; 3.2. Determination of the S-REA parameters; 3.3. The S-REA for convective drying; 3.4. The S-REA for intermittent drying; 3.5. The S-REA for wood heating under constant heating rate; 3.6. The S-REA for baking of bread; 3.7. Summary; 4. Comparisons of the REA with Fickian-Type Drying Theories, Luikov's and Whitaker's approach: 4.1. Model formulation; 4.2. Boundary conditions' controversies; 4.3. Diffusion-based model with the local evaporation rate; 4.4. Comparison of the diffusion-based model and the L-REA on the convective drying; 4.5. Comparison of the diffusion-based model and the S-REA on the convective drying; 4.6. Model formulation of Luikov's approach; 4.7. Model formulation of Whitaker's approach; 4.8. Comparison of the L-REA, Luikov's and Whitaker's approach for modeling heat treatment of wood under constant heating rate; 4.9. Comparison of the S-REA, Luikov's and Whitaker's approach for modeling heat treatment of wood under constant heating rate; 4.10. Summary.