Human Tooth Crown and Root Morphology

Acknowledgments; Part I. Introduction, Background and Terminology: Introduction; Why a guidebook?; Terminology; Part II. Crown and Root Trait Descriptions: 1. Winging; 2. Labial convexity; 3. Palatine torus; 4. Shoveling; 5. Double shoveling; 6. Interruption grooves; 7. Tuberculum dentale; 8. Bushman canine; 9. Canine distal accessory ridge; 10. Upper premolar accessory ridges; 11. Upper premolar mesial and distal accessory cusps; 12. Uto-Aztecan premolar; 13. Metacone; 14. Hypocone; 15. Bifurcated hypocone; 16. Cusp 5; 17. Marginal ridge tubercles; 18. Carabelli's trait; 19. Parastyle; 20. Enamel extensions; 21. Upper premolar root number; 22. Upper second molar root number; 23. Lateral incisor variants; 24. Pegged-reduced-missing third molars; 25. Premolar odontomes; 26. Midline diastema; 27. Lower premolar cusp number; 28. Anterior fovea; 29. Mandibular torus; 30. Lower molar groove pattern; 31. Rocker jaw; 32. Lower molar cusp number; 33. Deflecting wrinkle; 34. Distal trigonid and mid-trigonid crests; 35. Protostylid; 36. Cusp 6; 37. Cusp 7; 38. Lower first premolar root number (Tomes' root); 39. Lower canine root number; 40. Three-rooted lower molars; 41. Lower molar root number; 42. Torsomolar angle; Part III. Conclusions: General considerations; Introduction; Basic concerns; Final cautionary notes; Appendix (full class frequency distributions for 29 key traits in 60 world samples); A.1 Key to tables; A.2 Sample provenance; A.3 Samples by geographic area.