Essential Epidemiology

Preface; 1. Epidemiology is …; 2. How long is a piece of string? Measuring disease frequency; 3. Who, what, where and when? Descriptive epidemiology; 4. Healthy research: study designs for public health; 5. Why? Linking exposure and disease; 6. Heads or tails: the role of chance; 7. All that glitters is not gold: the problem of error; 8. Muddied waters: the challenge of confounding; 9. Reading between the lines: reading and writing epidemiological papers; 10. Who sank the boat? Association and causation; 11. Assembling the building blocks: reviews and their uses; 12. Surveillance: collecting health-related data for epidemiological intelligence and public health action Martyn Kirk and Adrian Sleigh; 13. Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters Martyn Kirk and Adrian Sleigh; 14. Prevention: better than cure?; 15. Early detection: what benefits at what cost?; 16. Epidemiology and the public's health; Answers to questions; Appendix 1. Direct standardisation; Appendix 2. Standard populations; Appendix 3. Calculating risk and lifetime risk from routine data; Appendix 4. Indirect standardisation; Appendix 5. Calculating life expectancy from a life table; Appendix 6. Why the odds ratio approximates the relative risk for a rare disease; Appendix 7. Formulae for calculating confidence intervals for common epidemiological measures; Appendix 8. The Mantel–Haenszel method for calculating pooled odds ratios; Glossary; Index.