Perioperative Temperature Management

Part I. Introduction: 1. History of perioperative hypothermia; 2. Physiology of heat and cold sensation; 3. Physiology of thermoregulation; 4. Physiology of heat gain and heat loss; Part II. Changes Induced by Anaesthesia and Surgery: 5. Influence of preanaesthetic core temperature and premedication; 6. Influence of transportation to the operating room and preparation for surgery; 7. Influence of general anaesthesia; 8. Influence of regional anaesthesia; 9. Influence of regional anaesthesia and sedation; 10. Influence of epidural anaesthesia and general anaesthesia; 11. Influence of the surgical environment and surgery; Part III. Adverse Effects of Perioperative Hypothermia: 12. Incidence of perioperative hypothermia; 13. Influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; 14. Influence on coagulation and blood loss; 15. Feeling cold and shivering; 16. Postoperative pain, pulmonary complications and length of stay in the postanaesthetic care unit; 17. Cardiovascular consequences; 18. Influence on wound healing and infections; 19. Postoperative protein catabolism, length of stay, costs and mortality; Part IV. Measurement of Core Temperature: 20. Equipment to measure core temperature; 21. Measurement of core temperature; Part V. Equipment and Methods to Keep Patients Warm: 22. Forced-air warmers; 23. Conductive warmers; 24. Infusion warmers; 25. Warming of irrigation fluids; 26. Insulation; 27. Radiative warmers; 28. Airway heating and humidification; 29. Oesophageal warmers, negative pressure warmers and endovascular warming catheters; 30. Augmentation of heat production by amino acids or fructose; Part VI. Perioperative Temperature Management: 31. Modern perioperative temperature management; 32. Prewarming; 33. Warming therapy during anaesthesia; 34. Postoperative therapy; Index; References.