Industrial Biorenewables: A Practical Viewpoint

<p>List of Contributors xiii</p>
<p>Preface ix</p>
<p>1 AkzoNobel: Biobased Raw Materials 1<br /> Alistair Reid,Martijn van Loon, Sara Tollin, and Peter Nieuwenhuizen</p>
<p>1.1 AkzoNobel s Biobased Raw Materials Strategy in Context 1</p>
<p>1.2 AkzoNobel in the Value Chain 3</p>
<p>1.3 Drivers Behind Development of the Biobased Raw Material Strategy 4</p>
<p>1.4 Conclusions of the Biobased Chemicals Strategy 10</p>
<p>1.5 Implementing the Strategy: Striking Partnerships 13</p>
<p>1.6 Experience to Date 14</p>
<p>1.7 Measuring, Reporting, and Ensuring Sustainable Sourcing of Biomass 17</p>
<p>1.8 Book and Claim 18</p>
<p>1.9 Sustainability in the Value Chain: LCA 19</p>
<p>2 Arizona Chemical: Refining and Upgrading of Bio–Based and Renewable Feedstocks 21<br /> Godfried J. H. Buisman and Jos H. M. Lange</p>
<p>2.1 Company Introduction 22</p>
<p>2.2 History of Pine Chemicals 22</p>
<p>2.3 Modern Biorefining 28</p>
<p>2.4 The Kraft Pulping Process 34</p>
<p>2.5 Cradle–To–Gate 44</p>
<p>2.6 Outlook 46</p>
<p>2.7 Case Study: Tackifiers From Renewable Pine–Based Crude Tall Oil and Crude Sulfate Turpentine for Adhesive Applications 49</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 57</p>
<p>References 57</p>
<p>3 Arkema: Castor Reactive Seed Crushing Process to Promote Castor Cultivation 63<br /> Jean–Luc Dubois</p>
<p>3.1 Arkema: Context for Biorenewables 64</p>
<p>3.2 Introduction to Castor Oil 65</p>
<p>3.3 Experimental Details 72</p>
<p>3.4 Results 77</p>
<p>3.5 Discussion 85</p>
<p>3.6 Conclusion 92</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 93</p>
<p>References 94</p>
<p>4 Avantium Chemicals: The High Potential for the levulinic product tree 97<br /> Jan C. van der Waal and Ed de Jong</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 97</p>
<p>4.2 Levulinic Production Routes 101</p>
<p>4.3 The Levulinic Acid Product Family Tree 107</p>
<p>4.4 Conclusions and Outlook 116</p>
<p>References 117</p>
<p>5 C5LT: Biorenewables at C5 Ligno Technologies AB 121<br /> Kaisa Karhumaa and Violeta S&agrave;nchez i Nogu&eacute;</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 121</p>
<p>5.2 Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Process 123</p>
<p>5.3 C5LT Gene Package Technology 129</p>
<p>5.4 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates: Remaining Challenges 136</p>
<p>5.5 Conclusions 137</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 138</p>
<p>References 138</p>
<p>6 Cepsa: Towards The Integration of Vegetable Oils and Lignocellulosic Biomass into Conventional Petroleum Refinery Processing Units 141<br /> Maria F&eacute; El&iacute;a, Olalla de la Torre, Rafael Larraz, and Juana Frontela</p>
<p>6.1 About Cepsa 142</p>
<p>6.2 Vegetable Oils 149</p>
<p>6.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 167</p>
<p>6.4 Concluding Remarks 172</p>
<p>References 173</p>
<p>7 DuPont: Biorenewables at E.I. DU Pont DE Nemours &amp; Co 175<br /> Michael A. Saltzberg, Armando M. Byrne, Ethel N. Jackson, Edward S. Miller Jr., Mark J. Nelson, Bjorn D. Tyreus, and Quinn Zhu</p>
<p>7.1 DuPont History and Strategic Priorities 176</p>
<p>7.2 DuPont s Innovation Philosophy 178</p>
<p>7.3 DuPont s Industrial Biorenewable Portfolio 2013 180</p>
<p>7.4 Case History #1: Bio–PDO and Sorona 182</p>
<p>7.5 Case History #2: Development of Yeast–based Omega–3s for Verlasso Harmoniously Raised Salmon 194</p>
<p>7.6 Future Directions for Dupont in Industrial Biorenewables 210</p>
<p>7.7 Summary 213</p>
<p>References 213</p>
<p>8 Evonik: Bioeconomy and Biobased Products 219<br /> Henrike Gebhardt, Peter Nagler, Stefan Buchholz, Stefan Cornelissen, Edda Schulze, and Achim Marx</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 220</p>
<p>8.2 Biobased and Bioprocessed Products (1) 225</p>
<p>8.3 Products Produced from Biobased Feedstock by Conventional Catalysis (2) 234</p>
<p>8.4 Biodegradable Products (3) 239</p>
<p>8.5 Enabling Chemicals (4) 239</p>
<p>References 241</p>
<p>9 Market Structure and Growth Rates of Industrial Biorenewables 245<br /> Gunter Festel</p>
<p>9.1 Background for Industrial Biorenewables and Data Sources 245</p>
<p>9.2 Market Overview and Growth Rates 247</p>
<p>9.3 Examples for Biotechnology–Based Products Related to Biorenewables 252</p>
<p>References 254</p>
<p>10 G&ouml;teborg Energi: Vehicle Fuel From Organic Waste 255<br /> Eric Zinn and Henrik Thunman</p>
<p>10.1 The Company 256</p>
<p>10.2 Sweden s Renewable Energy Targets and the Role that Biogas Will Play in Meeting these 256</p>
<p>10.3 Biogas in Transportation: Case Studies Within G&ouml;teborg Energi 257</p>
<p>10.4 The Role of Gasification Technology in the Future as the Demand for Biomass–based Energy and Fuel Grows 264</p>
<p>11 Greasoline: Biofuels From Non–food Materials and Residues 267<br /> Georg Dahmen, Peter Haug, Gunter Festel, Axel Kraft, Volker Heil, Andreas Menne, and Christoph Unger</p>
<p>11.1 Fuels and Chemicals: Necessity of Renewables 268</p>
<p>11.2 Evolving Markets for Greasoline&reg; Technology 269</p>
<p>11.3 Technology Overview Greasoline&reg; 270</p>
<p>11.4 Description of Business Model 271</p>
<p>11.5 Diesel from Different Raw Materials 274</p>
<p>References 280</p>
<p>12 Green Applied Solutions: Customized Waste Valorization Solutions for a Sustainable Future 283<br /> Chunping Xu and Rafael Luque</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 283</p>
<p>12.2 The Company 285</p>
<p>12.3 Projects and Future 287</p>
<p>12.4 Conclusions and Prospects 292</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 293</p>
<p>References 293</p>
<p>13 Grove Advanced Chemicals: Flox&reg; Coagulants Environmentally Friendly Water and Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers From Renewable Forests 295<br /> B&aacute;rbara van Asch, Paulo Martins, Filipe Santos, Elisabete Sep&uacute;lveda, Pedro Carvalho, Richard Solal, Carlos Abreu, Rui Santos, Jorge Vasconcelos, Philippe Geyr, and Henrique Villas–Boas</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 296</p>
<p>13.2 Company Overview 297</p>
<p>13.3 Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 298</p>
<p>13.4 Flox&reg; Coagulants 298</p>
<p>13.5 Company and Product Certifications 302</p>
<p>13.6 Case Studies 303</p>
<p>13.7 Future Perspectives 320</p>
<p>References 321</p>
<p>14 Heliae Development, LLC: An Industrial Approach to Mixotrophy in Microalgae 323<br /> Eneko Ganuza, Anna Lee Tonkovich, and B&aacute;rbara van Asch</p>
<p>14.1 Preamble 323</p>
<p>14.2 Introduction to Heliae Development LLC 324</p>
<p>14.3 Mixotrophy 325</p>
<p>14.4 Implementation of Industrial Mixotrophy: A Case Study 332</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 339</p>
<p>References 339</p>
<p>15 InFiQuS: Making the Best of Leftovers 341<br /> Inmaculada Aranaz, Niuris Acosta, Mar&iacute;a N Meng&iacute;bar, Laura Calder&oacute;n, Ruth Harris, and &Aacute;ngeles Heras</p>
<p>15.1 Brief Description of InFiQuS 342</p>
<p>15.2 Valuable by–products Under Research by InFiQuS 345</p>
<p>15.3 Examples of Products Co–developed by InFiQuS 360</p>
<p>15.4 Market Situation 362</p>
<p>15.5 Needs of Research: Synergies Between Industry and Academia 364</p>
<p>References 366</p>
<p>16 Biorenewables at Mango Materials 371<br /> Allison Pieja, Anne Schauer–Gimenez, Ann Oakenfull, and Molly Morse</p>
<p>16.1 Motivation: the Problems with Plastics Today 372</p>
<p>16.2 The Bioplastics Industry: An Overview 373</p>
<p>16.3 Mango Materials a Novel PHA Production Process 377</p>
<p>16.4 Mango Materials, the Story 386</p>
<p>16.5 The Future new Ideas for Potential Research 390</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 391</p>
<p>References 391</p>
<p>17 Novamont: Perspectives on Industrial Biorenewables and Public–Private Needs 397<br /> Stefano Facco</p>
<p>17.1 State of the Art and Challenges Faced by Biobased Industries 397</p>
<p>17.2 Wisdom in the Use of Renewable Raw Materials: The Cascading Use of Biomass 400</p>
<p>17.3 Case Study: Bioplastics in Italy: Going For Growth Despite the Crisis 401</p>
<p>17.4 The EU Policy Framework and Related Policy Gaps: The EU Strategy on Bioeconomy and the Role of Industrial Policies 405</p>
<p>References 407</p>
<p>18 Novozymes: How Novozymes Thinks About Biomass 409<br /> Brandon Emme and Alex Berlin</p>
<p>18.1 The Company 411</p>
<p>18.2 Case Study: The Transformation of Cellulose to Ethanol 412</p>
<p>References 434</p>
<p>19 Organoclick: Applied Eco–Friendly and Metal–Free Catalysis for Wood and Fiber Modifications 437<br /> Jonas Hafr&eacute;n and Armando C&oacute;rdova</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 437</p>
<p>19.2 Eco–friendly and Organocatalytic Surface Modification of Lignocellulose 440</p>
<p>19.3 Organocatalytic Cross–linking Between Polysaccharides 443</p>
<p>19.4 OC Modification of Lignocellulose 444</p>
<p>References 449</p>
<p>20 Petrobras: The Concept of Integrated Biorefineries Applied to the Oleochemistry Industry: Rational Utilization of Products and Residues via Catalytic Routes 451<br /> Eduardo Falabella Sousa–Aguiar, Jo&atilde;o Monnerat Araujo Ribeiro de Almeida, Pedro Nothaft Romano, and Yuri Carvalho</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction 452</p>
<p>20.2 Glycerol Fermentation 454</p>
<p>20.3 Hydrotreating 458</p>
<p>20.4 Decarboxylation 460</p>
<p>20.5 Conclusions 464</p>
<p>References 464</p>
<p>21 Phytonix: Cyanobacteria for Biobased Production Using CO2 467<br /> Bruce Dannenberg, Peter Lindblad, and Gary Anderson</p>
<p>21.1 Background: The Coming CO2 Economy and Circular Economy Principles 468</p>
<p>21.2 Technology for Cyanobacteria and Direct Photobiological Production 468</p>
<p>21.3 Phytonix: Path Toward Full Commercialization of the Technology 475</p>
<p>21.4 n–Butanol: A Valuable Industrial Chemical and Potential "Drop–in" Gasoline Replacement 482</p>
<p>References 489</p>
<p>22 Phytowelt Green Technologies: Fermentation Processes and Plant Breeding as Modules for Enhanced Biorefinery Systems 491<br /> Peter Welters, Guido Jach, Katrin Schullehner, Nadia Evremova, and Renate Luehrs</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction 492</p>
<p>22.2 The Next Step: Beyond Energy Production 492</p>
<p>22.3 Material Uses of Renewable Poplar Biomass 494</p>
<p>22.4 Fermentative Production of High–value Compounds 495</p>
<p>22.5 Cooperations with Chemical Industry 499</p>
<p>22.6 Toward Optimized Biorenewables: Time–Lapse and Smart Breeding 502</p>
<p>22.7 Next–Generation Poplars/Plants 505</p>
<p>22.8 Toward Novel Biorefineries: Networking for Success 505</p>
<p>References 506</p>
<p>23 Biorenewables at Shell: Biofuels 507<br /> Jean–Paul Lange, Johan Willem Gosselink, Rob Lee, Evert van der Heide, Colin John Schaverien, and Joseph B. Powell</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction 509</p>
<p>23.2 Shell and Biofuels 510</p>
<p>23.3 Development of Advanced Biofuels in Shell 511</p>
<p>23.4 Challenges Leading to More Research 535</p>
<p>23.5 Conclusions 538</p>
<p>References 539</p>
<p>Index 545</p>