Chemical Processes for Pollution Prevention and Control

The Chemical Process Design Problem. Introduction. Chemical Processes. Process Analysis. Process Synthesis. Stoichiometry. Equilibrium. Kinetics. Green Chemistry. About This Book. Pollution and Pollutants. Pollutants. Elements of Life. Aggregated or Lumped Measurements. Turbidity. Color. Particulate and Dissolved Solids. Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Natural Organic Matter (NOM). Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Iron and Manganese. Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium. pH. Alkalinity. Nitrogen. Phosphorus. Sulfur. Toxic Metals. Conclusion. Organic Pollutants. A Brief Introduction to Naming Organic Chemicals. Hydrocarbons – The Alkanes. Hydrocarbons – The Alkenes. Hydrocarbons – The Alcohols. Organic Acids and Aldehydes. Other Classes of Organic Molecules. What Has Been Learned So Far. Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Benzene and the BTEX Chemicals. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Dioxins and Furans. Pesticides. Solvents and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs). Conclusion. Measuring Pollutants. The Design Problem. The Fundamental Units of Measurement. Mass Concentration – Parts per million and mg/L. Mass Percentage and Mass Fraction. Mass Flow Rates. Volume Fraction and Volume Concentration. Converting Volume and Mass Concentrations in Gases. Molar Mass and Molar Concentration. Equivalent Weights. Conclusion. Stoichiometry. The Design Problem. Elements and Compounds. Atomic and Molecular Masses. Stoichiometry. Case Study - Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer. Empirical Chemical Formulas. Conclusion. Empirical Stoichiometry. The Design Problem. Empirical Stoichiometry by Experiment - Jar Tests. Coagulation and Flocculation. Empirical Stoichiometry – Estimating Solid Reaction Products. Case Study - Stormwater Treatment by Coagulation (Yonge 2011). Statistical Experimental Design for Jar Testing (And a Case A Study of Emulsified Oil Removal). Case Study - Decolorization Experiment (Hribernik 2009). Case Study - Ethylene Glycol Factorial Experiments (Akesrisakyl 2007). Conclusion. Chemical Equilibrium for Acids and Bases. The Design Problem. Chemical Equilibrium. Ionization of Water. pH. pH Control and Neutralization. Acid-Base Reactions. The ICE Table and Solving Equilibrium Problems. Chlorination. Carbonates and Alkalinity. Another Look at Acid-Base Equilibria Using pK Values. Conclusion. Precipitation Reactions. The Design Problem. Insoluble Compounds. Solubility Products. Inventing a Useful Precipitation Process. Precipitating Metals as Hydroxides. Precipitating Metals as Sulfides. Softening. Chemical Phosphorus Removal. Struvite Precipitation and Nutrient Recovery. Leaching Metals from Sludge. Conclusion. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions. The Design Problem. Oxidation Numbers. Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. Useful Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Fenton’s Chemistry. Case Study: Rehabilitation of Waste Pickle Liquor. Case Study –An Integrated Acid Recovery Process. Conclusion. Green Chemistry. The Design Problem. The Principles of Green Chemistry. Types of Chemical Reactions. Measures of Reaction Efficiency. Solvents. Catalysis. Case Study – Soda Ash Production. Case Study – Red Mud. Nylon and Adipic Acid Synthesis. Conclusion. Kinetics. The Design Problem. Reaction Rates – Some Generalizations. Rates of Reaction. Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions. Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients. First-Order Reactions. Second-Order Reactions. Reversible Reactions. Sequential Reactions.