Opening the Doors

1. Introduction 1.1 Nikkeijin in Japan: An immigration experiment 1.2 Laying the Groundwork 1.3 Research Design and Research Methods 1.4 Overview of the Study 2. Theories of Labor Migration and Immigrant Integration 2.1 Historical Trends in Labor Migration 2.2 Theories of Labor Migration 2.3 Immigration Integration 3. Japanese Immigration Policy and Perspectives 3.1 Japan's Labor Shortage 3.2 Sakoku vs. Kaikoku 3.3 1990 Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act 4. Japanese Emigration to Brazil 4.1 Kapanese emigration to Brazil 4.2 Nikkeijin in Brazil 4.3 Return Migraion to Japan after 1990 5. Nikkeijin in Japan 5.1 Nikkeijin Returnees: Who are they? 5.2 Nikkeijin in Japan 5.3 Nikkeijin in Japan 5.4 Nikkeijin and the Labor Market 5.5 Nikkeijin and Housing 5.6 Nikkeijin and Education 6. Ethnic Germans in Germany: A Similar Case 6.1 Historical Background 6.2 German Policy 7. Prospects and Implications 7.1 Ethnicity, Language and Culture 7.2 Immigrant and Immigration Policy 7.3 Multiculturalism in Japan? 7.4 Policy Recommendations 7.5 Future Research on Nikkeijin in Japan 7.6 Conclusion