Classic Philosophical Questions

<p>IN THIS SECTION:</p> <p>1.) BRIEF<br>2.) COMPREHENSIVE</p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><u>BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS:</u></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Part 1: Socrates and the Nature of Philosophy<br>Part 2: Philosophy of Religion<br>Part 3: Ethics<br>Part 4: Knowledge<br>Part 5: Metaphysics<br>Part 6: Social and Political Philosophy<br>Part 7: Aesthetics &nbsp;<br>Part 8: Philosophy and the Good Life</p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><u>COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS:</u></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><u>Part 1: Socrates and the Nature of Philosophy<br></u><br>What is Philosophy?<br>The Euthyphro:&nbsp; Defining Philosophical Terms<br>The Apology:&nbsp; Socrates’ Trial and Defense<br>The Crito:&nbsp; Socrates’ Refusal to Escape<br>The Phaedo:&nbsp; Virtue and Socrates’ View of Death<br><br><u>Part 2: Philosophy of Religion<br></u><br>Can We Prove That God Exists?<br>St. Anselm:&nbsp; The Ontological Argument<br>St. Thomas Aquinas:&nbsp; The Cosmological Argument<br>William Paley:&nbsp; The Teleological Argument<br>Blaise Pascal:&nbsp; It is Better to Believe in God’s Existence Than to Deny it.<br><br>Does the Idea of a Good God Exclude Evil?<br>Boethius:&nbsp; God Can Allow Some Evil.<br>David Hume:&nbsp; A Good God Would Exclude Evil.<br>John Hick: Evil, Human Freedom and Moral Development<br><br><u>Part 3: Ethics<br></u><br>Are Ethics Relative?<br>Ruth Benedict:&nbsp; Ethics Are Relative<br>W. T. Stace:&nbsp; Ethics Are Not Relative<br><br>Are Humans Always Selfish?&nbsp;<br>Humans Are Always Selfish:&nbsp; Glaucon’s Challenge to&nbsp; Socrates<br>James Rachels:&nbsp; Humans Are Not Always Selfish<br><br>Which is Basic in Ethics: Happiness or Obligation?&nbsp;<br>Aristotle:&nbsp; Happiness Is Living Virtuously<br>Jeremy Bentham:&nbsp; Happiness Is Seeking the Greatest Pleasure for the Greatest Number of People<br>Immanuel Kant:&nbsp; Duty Is Prior to Happiness<br>Friedrich Nietzsche:&nbsp; Happiness Is Having Power<br>Jean-Paul Sartre:&nbsp; Existentialist Ethics<br>Virginia Held:&nbsp; Feminist Ethics Are Different<br><br><u>Part 4: Knowledge<br></u><br>What is Knowledge?<br>Plato:&nbsp; Knowledge Is “Warranted True Belief”<br><br>What Method is Best For Acquiring Knowledge?<br>Charles Sanders Peirce:&nbsp; Four Approaches to Philosophy<br></p> <p>How Do&nbsp;We Acquire Knowledge?<br>René Descartes:&nbsp; Knowledge Is Not Ultimately Sense Knowledge<br>John Locke:&nbsp; Knowledge is Ultimately Sensed<br>Immanuel Kant:&nbsp; Knowledge Is Both Rational and Empirical.<br><br>How Is Truth Established?<br>Bertrand Russell:&nbsp; Truth Is Established By Correspondence<br>Brand Blanshard:&nbsp; Truth Means Coherence<br>William James:&nbsp; Truth Is Established by Pragmatic Means<br><br>Can We Know the Nature of Causal Relations?<br>David Hume:&nbsp; Cause Means Regular Association <br>David Hume:&nbsp; There Are No Possible Grounds for Induction<br><br><u>Part 5: Metaphysics<br></u><br>Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?<br>Parmenides:&nbsp; Being Is Uncaused<br>Lao-Tzu:&nbsp; Non-Being Is the Source of Being<br><br>Is Reality General Or Particular?<br>Plato: Universals Are Real<br>David Hume:&nbsp; Particulars Are Real<br><br>Of What Does Reality Consist?<br>René&nbsp; Descartes:&nbsp; Reality Consists of Mind and Matter<br>Paul Churchland:&nbsp; Reality Consists of Matter<br>George Berkeley:&nbsp; Reality Consists of Ideas<br>John Dewey:&nbsp; Reality Consists of Mental and Physical Qualities<br><br>Are Humans Free?<br>Holbach:&nbsp; Humans Are Determined<br>John&nbsp; Stuart Mill:&nbsp; Determinism and Freedom Are Compatible<br>Richard Taylor:&nbsp; Humans Are Free<br><br>D</p>