Liver Diseases – An Essential Guide for Nurses and Health Care Professionals

List of contributors
<p>Foreword</p>
<p>Acknowledgements</p>
<p>1 Anatomy and physiology</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>The liver</p>
<p>Hepatic microstructure</p>
<p>Carbohydrate metabolism</p>
<p>Fat metabolism</p>
<p>Protein metabolism</p>
<p>Clotting factors</p>
<p>Storage of vitamins/iron</p>
<p>Blood cleansing</p>
<p>Processing of drugs and other xenobiotics</p>
<p>Excocrine function</p>
<p>Bilirubin</p>
<p>Liver cirrhosis/fibrosis</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>2 Assessment of liver function and diagnostic studies</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Patient history</p>
<p>Signs of liver disease</p>
<p>Laboratory tests</p>
<p>Diagnostic studies</p>
<p>Complications and considerations</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>3 Jaundice</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Classification of jaundice</p>
<p>Bilirubin formation</p>
<p>Bile functions</p>
<p>Diseases of bilirubin metabolism</p>
<p>Investigations</p>
<p>Malabsorption</p>
<p>Gallbladder disease</p>
<p>Drug–induced jaundice</p>
<p>Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</p>
<p>Additional considerations</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>4 Portal hypertension</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Causes</p>
<p>Consequences</p>
<p>Clinical features</p>
<p>Investigations</p>
<p>Management of variceal haemorrhage</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>5 Ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hyponatraemia and hepatorenal failure</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Classification</p>
<p>Pathogenesis of ascites formation</p>
<p>Diagnosis</p>
<p>Treatment</p>
<p>Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</p>
<p>Hyponatraemia</p>
<p>Hepatorenal syndrome</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>6 Hepatic encephalopathy</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy</p>
<p>Classification of hepatic encephalopathy</p>
<p>Diagnosis and investigations</p>
<p>Treatment and management of hepatic encephalopathy</p>
<p>Hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>7 Alcohol–related liver disease</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Incidence</p>
<p>Metabolism of alcohol</p>
<p>Pathophysiology</p>
<p>Clinical features</p>
<p>Alcoholic hepatitis</p>
<p>Nursing considerations</p>
<p>Alcohol–withdrawal therapies and protocols</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>8 Non–alcoholic fatty liver disease</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Disease prevalence</p>
<p>Risk factors</p>
<p>Natural history of NAFLD</p>
<p>Clinical features</p>
<p>Diagnosis</p>
<p>Pathogenesis</p>
<p>Disease management</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>9 Viral hepatitis</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Hepatitis A virus</p>
<p>Hepatitis E virus</p>
<p>Hepatitis B virus</p>
<p>Hepatitis D virus</p>
<p>Hepatitis C virus</p>
<p>Hepatitis and HIV co–infection</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>10 Autoimmune hepatitis</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Pathogenesis</p>
<p>Clinical features</p>
<p>Classification</p>
<p>Diagnosis</p>
<p>Complications</p>
<p>Variant syndrome</p>
<p>Treatment</p>
<p>Pregnancy and autoimmune hepatitis</p>
<p>Liver transplantation</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>11 Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Primary biliary cirrhosis</p>
<p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>12 Metabolic liver disease</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Wilson s disease</p>
<p>Haemochromatosis</p>
<p>Alpha–1–antitryspin deficiency</p>
<p>Cystic fibrosis</p>
<p>Porphyria</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>13 Acute liver failure</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Aetiology</p>
<p>Presentation</p>
<p>Transfer criteria</p>
<p>Disease management</p>
<p>Liver transplantation</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>14 Nutrition in liver disease</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Malnutrition and nutritional assessment</p>
<p>Dietetic management of ascites</p>
<p>Nutrition in hepatic encephalopathy</p>
<p>Malabsorption and steatorrhoea</p>
<p>Diabetes in liver disease</p>
<p>Osteodystrophy</p>
<p>Types of nutritional support in chronic liver disease</p>
<p>Nutritional support in alcoholic liver disease</p>
<p>Refeeding syndrome</p>
<p>Non–alcoholic fatty liver disease</p>
<p>Post–transplant nutrition</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>15 Drug–induced liver injury</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity</p>
<p>Diagnosis of drug–induced liver injury</p>
<p>Classification of drug injury</p>
<p>Commonly used drugs that cause hepatotoxicity</p>
<p>Herbal remedies for treatment in liver disease</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>16 Pregnancy–related liver disease</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Normal changes during pregnancy</p>
<p>Liver diseases specific to pregnancy</p>
<p>Pregnancy in pre–existing liver disease</p>
<p>Pregnancy post liver transplantation</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>17 Hepatobiliary malignancies</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Definition</p>
<p>Primary liver cancer</p>
<p>Bile duct cancer</p>
<p>Secondary liver cancer</p>
<p>Diagnosing hepatobiliary malignancy</p>
<p>Treatment options</p>
<p>Nursing management</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>18 Liver transplantation</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Indications for liver transplantation</p>
<p>Pretransplant assessment</p>
<p>Pretransplant education</p>
<p>Consent</p>
<p>Waiting list management</p>
<p>Allocation of organs</p>
<p>Liver transplant surgery</p>
<p>Immunosuppressive therapy</p>
<p>Graft rejection</p>
<p>Discharge planning and patient information</p>
<p>Quality of life following liver transplantation</p>
<p>Long–term management in the liver recipient</p>
<p>Chapter summary</p>
<p>Illustrative case study</p>
<p>Index</p>