Geographic Information Systems

I Technology for the Information Age.- 1 Introduction.- Key Terms.- Capabilities.- Relevant Technologies.- Computer Science.- Information Management.- Cartography.- Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Remote Sensing.- Data Communications.- Issues.- Technical Issues.- Institutional Issues.- Summary.- 2 Evolution of the Technology.- Origin of Geographic Information Systems.- Very Early Users.- Universities.- Role of Federal Government.- Technologies.- Growth of the Technology.- Environmental Concerns.- Awareness of Systems.- Technologies and Vendors.- Early Users.- Federal Users in the 1970s.- Role of Professional Organizations.- The Technology Matures.- Technologies.- Users.- International Developments.- Universities.- Chapters 3 Applications.- Government Applications.- Federal Government.- State Government.- Local Government.- Utility Applications.- Mature Utility Systems.- Developing Utility Systems.- Private Industry Applications.- Oil and Gas.- Forestry.- Transportation.- Marketing and Sales.- Real Estate.- 4 Benefits and Costs.- Benefits.- Benefit Types.- Type 1 Benefits.- Type 2 Benefits.- Type 3 Benefits.- Type 4 Benefits.- Type 5 Benefits.- Costs.- Cost Model.- Capital and Operating Costs.- Data Base.- Hardware and Software.- Personnel.- Financing.- Intangibles.- Benefit-Cost Analysis.- Techniques.- II System Components.- 5 Data Base Concepts.- Graphic and Nongraphic Data.- Graphic Data.- Nongraphic Data.- Relationships of Graphic and Nongraphic Data.- Data Management.- Approaches.- Graphic Data Storage.- Topology.- Data Directory.- Data Base Administration.- Data Quality.- Measures of Quality.- Map Scale.- Data Base Development.- Source Preparation.- Data Entry.- Quality Control.- Data Base Maintenance.- 6 Data Types.- Control Framework.- Planimetric Features.- Topographic Features.- Cadastral Features.- Legal Aspects.- Developing the Digital Cadastral Layer.- Annotation.- Parcel Identification.- Parcel Attributes.- Area Boundary Features.- Conversion to Digital Form.- Facilities Features.- Natural Features.- 7 Hardware.- Hardware Components.- The Central Processing Unit.- Auxiliary Storage Devices.- Input/Output Peripheral Devices.- Computer System Operation and Performance.- Operating Systems.- Characteristics and Trends of Computer Processing Units.- Trends in Processing Unit Architecture.- Multiuser Processing Units.- Microcomputers.- High-Performance Workstations.- The Future of Computer Processing Units.- Technology and Trends in Auxiliary Storage Devices.- Tape Drives.- Disk Drives.- The Role and Function of Input/Output Peripheral Devices.- Historical Setting.- Data Entry, Edit, and Query Devices.- Hard-Copy Output Devices.- Special Purpose Devices in GIS Configurations.- Communication Hardware Devices.- Modems.- Multiplexors.- Digital Service Units.- Device Servers.- Conclusion.- 8 Geographic Information System Software.- Layers of Software.- Lower-Level Software.- Operating Systems.- Special System Utilities and Support Programs.- Geographic Information System Application Software.- Graphic Processing Capabilities.- Database Management.- Basic Cartographic and Geographic Analysis Utilities.- Special Application Software and Application Development Tools.- Special Application Software.- User Command Interfaces.- Command Languages.- Menu-Driven Commands.- Macro Programming.- Commercially Available Geographic Data Management Software.- 9 System Configurations and Data Communications.- Computer Network Concepts.- Speed and Distance Concepts.- Analog Versus Digital Communication.- Digital Transmission Modes.- Speed and Distance Considerations.- Local Communications.- Remote Communications.- Wide Area Networks.- Network Topologies and Protocols.- Computer System Configurations.- Centralized Versus Distributed Systems.- Advantages and Limitations of Centralized and Distributed Approaches.- Managing a Computer Network.- Resource Sharing and Data Exchange Between Computer Systems.- Geographic Analysis in a Multivendor System Environment.- Types of Data Exchange.- The Growth of Communication Standards.- Designing a System Configuration.- The Conceptual Design.- System Configuration Profiles.- III Managing Change.- 10 Implementation.- Gis Design Philosophy.- Gaining and Maintaining Support.- Implementation Methodologies.- Concept.- Design.- Development.- Operation.- Audit.- Elements of Success.- 11 Legal Issues.- The Value of Information.- The Information Industry.- Information Economics.- Government’s Role in Information Dissemination.- Open-Records Law and GIS Access.- Federal Information Dissemination.- State and Local Information Dissemination.- Strategies for Change.- Policy Responses.- Two Disparate Solutions.- Defining System Access.- Functional Access.- Data Base Access.- Support Access.- Mode of Funding Access.- User Fees.- Collateral Issues.- Proprietary Authority.- Privacy.- Liability for GIS Products/Services.- User Fees, Antitrust Law, and Undue Competition.- Equal Treatment.- Copyright, Contracts, and Control of Proprietary Interest.- 12 Horizons.- Perspective on the Status of the Technology.- Software and Data Structure Trend.- Graphic Data Structures.- Nongraphic Database Management and Manipulation.- Hypermedia.- Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence, and Object-Oriented Approach.- Computer Hardware Trends.- The Desktop Revolution.- Advances in Computer Processor Performance.- Mass Storage Technology.- Graphic Display and Hard-Copy Output.- Communications and Networking.- System Planning in a Dynamic Environment.