Biologic System Evaluation with Ultrasound

1 Scattering vs. Biologic Hierarchies.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Organization of Book.- 2 Biologic Material Hierarchy.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Molecules.- 2.3 Cells.- 2.4 Tissues.- 2.4.1 Inflammation.- 2.4.2 Fibrosis.- 2.4.3 Neoplasm.- 2.4.4 Other Diseases.- 2.5 Organs.- 2.6 Function (Organ Systems).- 2.6.1 Heart.- 2.6.2 Other Organs.- 2.7 Summary.- 3 Graphic Description of Scattering.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Wave Equation.- 3.3 Relationships Between the Fourier Transforms of P and Q.- 3.3.1 First-Order Approximations: Born and Rytov.- 3.3.2 Fourier Relationships.- 3.3.3 Orthogonal Incidence.- 3.3.4 Nonorthogonal Incidence.- 3.4 Inverse Diffraction Tomography.- 3.4.1 Backscattering Analysis.- 3.4.2 Echography.- 3.5 Transmission Tomography.- 3.6 Graphic Depiction of Scattering Classes.- 3.7 Discussion.- 4 Class 0 Scattering.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Molecular Interactions.- 4.1.2 Macroscopic Interactions.- 4.1.3 Tissues.- 4.2 Class 0 Scatterers.- 4.2.1 Absorption of Ultrasound.- 4.2.2 Sound Speed and Acoustic Nonlinearity (B/A).- 4.2.3 Conclusions.- 5 Class 1, 2, and 3 Scattering.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Model-Based Scatter Analysis.- 5.2.1 Signal Analysis.- 5.2.2 RF Analysis.- 5.2.3 Statistical Analysis of Envelope-Detected Signal.- 5.3 Texture-Based Scatter Analysis.- 5.3.1 Classification.- 5.3.2 Gray-Level Run-Length Texture Analysis.- 5.3.3 Markovian Statistics for Texture Analysis.- 6 Class 4 Scattering.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 M-Mode Ultrasound.- 6.3 Doppler Methods.- 6.3.1 Various Techniques.- 6.3.2 Doppler Tracings.- 6.3.3 Doppler Color Flow Mapping.- 6.3.4 Color Doppler for Induced Motions.- 6.4 Correlation Methods for Measuring Motion.- 6.4.1 Speckle Tracking.- 6.4.2 Time Domain Correlation.- 6.5 Summary.- 7 Backscatter-Imaging Instruments.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Transducers.- 7.2.1 Piezoelectrics.- 7.2.2 Lenses.- 7.2.3 Construction.- 7.3 Beams.- 7.3.1 Lateral Resolution.- 7.3.2 Axial Resolution.- 7.3.3 Resolution Cell.- 7.4 Mechanical Scanning.- 7.5 Lensless Beamforming.- 7.5.1 Phased Array.- 7.5.2 Annular Array.- 7.5.3 Diffractionless Array.- 7.6 Effect of Scattering Class on Image.- 7.6.1 Class 0 Absorption and Speed.- 7.6.2 Class 1 Speckle.- 7.6.3 Class 2 Resolved Scatterers.- 7.6.4 Class 3 Specular Scatterers.- 7.6.5 Class 4 Motion.- 7.7 Conclusion.- 8 Computed Transverse Imaging.- 8.1 Computed Tomography.- 8.1.1 Reconstruction From Transmission Projections.- 8.1.2 Reconstruction From Reflections.- 8.2 Diffraction Tomography.- 8.3 Scattering-Class Comments.