Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments

1 The Electrochemical Future.- I. Introduction.- II. Transportation.- III. Electrochemical Powering of Transportation.- IV. Illusions in Respect to the Electric Automobile.- V. Metallurgy.- VI. Electrochemical Synthesis.- VII. Dirty Liquids.- VIII. Sewage and Rubbish.- 1. Sewage.- 2. Rubbish.- IX. Electroextractions.- X. Detecting Devices.- XI. The Hydrogen Economy.- XII. The Agro- (and Urban) Nuclear Complex.- XIII. The Electrochemical World.- XIV. Research Funding.- XV. Education.- 2 The Influence of the Combustion of Fossil Fuels on the Climate.- I. Introduction.- II. Calculation of Temperature Changes.- III. Carbon Dioxide Balance.- IV. Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Oceans and Atmosphere.- V. Evidence from Past Climates.- VI. Carbon Dioxide from Fossil-Fuel Combustion.- References.- 3 Electrochemical Power Sources for Vehicle Propulsion.- I. Introduction.- II. Incentives for Electric Vehicles.- 1. Conservation and Utilization of Fossil-Fuel Supplies….- 2. Future Changes in Energy Sources.- 3. Environmental Pollution.- III. Obstacles to Electric Vehicles.- IV. Vehicle Power-Plant Requirements.- 1. Power Requirements.- 2. Energy Requirements.- 3. Electric Energy Requirements from the Utilities.- V. Current Battery Technology.- 1. Lead-Acid Battery.- 2. Nickel-Cadmium Battery.- 3. Silver-Zinc Battery.- 4. Fuel Cells.- VI. Emerging Battery Technology.- 1. Ambient Temperature Systems.- 2. High-Temperature Systems.- 3. Summary of Expected Battery Performances.- VII. Projections of Electric Power-Plant Development.- References.- 4 The Electrochemical Treatment of Aqueous Effluent Streams.- I. Introduction.- II. Electrodialysis and the Concentration of Effluent Streams….- III. Electroflotation Processes.- 1. Details of Cell Design and Performance.- 2. Electrodes and Electrolytes.- IV. Cathodic Processes—Recovery of Metals.- 1. Recovery of Copper.- 2. Recovery of Other Metals.- V. Anodic Destruction Processes.- 1. Fundamentals of the Process.- 2. Cyanide Destruction.- 3. The Chloride-Cyanide Process.- 4. Electrochemical Sterilization of Domestic Wastes.- 5. The Electrochemical Destruction of Other Organic Compounds.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 5 The Electrofiltration of Particulates from Gases.- I. Introduction.- II. The Broad Principle of Electrostatic Precipitation.- III. The Deutsch Equation.- IV. The Particle Migration Velocity.- V. Agreement between Theory and Observation.- 1. The Effect of Applied Voltage.- 2. The Effect of Particle Size.- VI. Electrical Aspects of Precipitation.- 1. The Particle Charging Process.- 2. Distribution of Field.- 3. Electrical Effects of Suspended Particles.- 4. Electrical Effects of Collected Dust.- VII. Structure and Dislodgment of Collected Dust.- VIII. The Present Technical Outlook.- 1. The Cost of Electrostatic Precipitation.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Electrochemical Methods of Pollution Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Air Pollution Monitoring.- 1. Ozone.- 2. Oxides of Nitrogen.- 3. Analysis of S02 and Oxidizable Sulfur Contaminants.- 4. Carbon Monoxide.- 5. Fluoride and Fluorine.- III. Water Pollution Monitoring.- 1. Three Most Common Electrometric Water Measurements: Conductivity, pH, and Oxidation-Reduction Potential….- 2. Ion Selective Electrodes.- 3. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen.- 4. Organic Carbon.- 5. Chlorine Residual Analysis.- 6. Determination of Nitrogenous Materials.- 7. Electroanalysis for Selected Materials Necessary for Water- Quality Estimation.- References.- 7 The Prospect of Abundant Energy.- I. Introduction.- II. Energy Supply through Reactors.- III. Size Appropriate to Needs.- IV. Power Distribution.- V. Energy Centers.- VI. Power Conversion Equipment and Affect on Costs.- VII. Social and Environmental Aspects of Low-Cost Energy.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 8 The Hydrogen Economy.- I. Introduction.- II. Economic Considerations.- III. Hydrogen Production.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 3. Electrochemical Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 4. Chemonuclear Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 5. Large-Scale Production of Hydrogen.- IV. Hydrogen Transmission, Storage, and Distribution.- 1. Transmission of Hydrogen by Pipeline.- 2. Storage of Hydrogen.- 3. Distribution of Hydrogen.- V. Hydrogen-Fueled Equipment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Burner Design.- 3. Catalytic Burners.- 4. Internal Combustion Engines.- VI. Local Electrical Generation from Hydrogen.- VII. Hazards and Safety Aspects of Hydrogen.- VIII. Hydrogen as a Chemical Raw Material.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9 Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Sulfide Ores for Elimination of SO2 Emissions by Smelters.- I. Introduction.- II. Hydrometallurgical Procedures for the Recovery of Metal.- III. Electrode Systems in Electrolysis.- References.