Behavior Modification in Black Populations

1: Behavior Modification and Black Populations.- Terminological Issues.- A Definition of Behavior Modification.- The Philosophical Doctrine of Behaviorism.- Models of Behavior Modification.- Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning.- Classical (Respondent) Conditioning.- Social Learning Theory.- Cognitive Behavior Modification.- Problems with the Image of Behavior Modification.- Behavior Modification and the Black Community.- Is Behavior Modification a Threat?.- Summary.- References.- 2: Psychosocial Aspects of the Therapeutic Process.- The Importance of Social and Cultural Experiences on the Development of Treatment Approaches and Models.- Understanding Behavior.- Concept of Normality.- Psychosocial Influences on Behavior.- Family Structure.- Cultural Value Systems.- Interactional Patterns.- Adaptive and Coping Strategies.- The Therapeutic Encounter.- Therapist and Patient Expectations of Treatment.- The Therapist Relationship.- Evaluation of Therapy Effectiveness.- Congruence of Change with Psychosocial Experience.- Future Considerations.- Training Issues and Delivery Systems.- Summary.- References.- 3: A Historical View of Blacks’ Distrust of Psychiatry.- The Origin of Black Distrust of Psychiatrists.- Attitudes Following the Civil War.- Personal Beliefs and Research Fraud.- Psychoanalytic Catch-22.- Training Considerations.- Other Reasons for Blacks’ Distrust of Psychiatry.- What and Which Are the Culture- Free Psychotherapies?.- Conclusion.- References.- 4: Psychiatric Symptoms in Black Patients.- Transcultural and Interethnic Variations in Symptom Patterns.- Are There Racial Differences in Symptom Patterns?.- False-Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia in Black Patients.- Bleuler’s Criteria.- Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms.- Religious Delusions.- Paranoid Delusions.- Other Nonschizophrenic Hallucinations and Delusions.- Feighner Criteria.- Recognition of Depression in Black Patients.- Atypical Symptoms.- Symptomatic Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, and Sociopathy.- Diagnosis of Borderline Mental Retardation.- Effects of Symptom Differences on Diagnostic Accuracy.- Toward More Accurate Diagnoses in Blacks.- References.- 5: A Learned Helplessness Analysis of Problems Confronting the Black Community.- Theoretical and Empirical Bases.- Response-Outcome Independence.- Uncontrollability and Unpredictability.- Role of Attribution.- Helplessness and Other Models of Learning.- Models of Learning.- Response-Outcome Learning Space.- Interaction of Learning Models.- Learned Helplessness and the Black Experience.- Academic Achievement.- Employment and Living Conditions.- Political and Legal Systems.- The Defeated: Alcoholism and Drug Abuse.- Resultant Cognitive Deficits.- Resultant Emotional Deficits: Depression.- Behavioral Interventions for Helplessness.- Assessment.- Theoretical Bases of Treatment.- Reducing the Probability of Aversive Outcomes.- Reducing Desirability of Unobtainable Outcomes.- Changing the Perception of Uncontrollability.- Modification of Expectation to Fail.- Prevention of Learned Helplessness.- Conclusion.- References.- 6: The IQ Controversy and Academic Performance.- A Brief History of the IQ Controversy.- The Emergence of Intelligence Testing.- Group Intelligence Tests.- Recent Developments.- Within-Group Heritability Estimates.- Identical Twins Reared Apart.- Adoptive Studies.- Differences in Performance on Abstract “Culture-Free” Items versus Culture-Loaded Items.- Regression Estimates of Sibling IQ Scores.- Psychometric Analyses.- Heritability.- Studies of Academic Performance.- The Deficit and Conflict Models.- Characteristics of the Student.- Ethnic Learning Styles.- Achievement Motivation.- Characteristics of the Environment.- Desegregation and Black Student Achievement.- Characteristics of Significant Others.- Teacher Attitudes.- Teacher Race.- Characteristics of the Parent.- References.- 7: Academic Improvement through Behavioral Intervention.- Teacher Attention.- Token Reinforcement.- Self-Control.- Group Contingencies.- Punishment.- Time-Out from Reinforcement.- Response Cost.- Overcorrection.- Verbal Reprimands.- Teacher Training.- The Problem of Generalization.- Summary.- References.- 8: Rational Behavior Therapy.- A Brief History of RBT.- Basic Assumptions in RBT.- Three Basic Theoretical Constructs in RBT.- The ABC’s of New Human Emotions.- The Five Rules for Rational Thinking.- Rational Bibliotherapy.- Two Primary Self-Help Techniques in RBT.- Rational Self-Analysis (RSA).- Rational Emotive Imagery (REI).- Guidelines for Illiterate Patients in RBT.- Two-Year Follow-Up Data on RBT.- RBT and Black Patients.- Some Words of Caution.- References.- 9: Modification of Interpersonal Behavior.- Social Skills and Psychopathology.- Social Skills and Black Populations.- Cultural Issues.- Research on Cultural Differences.- Summary.- Future Suggestions and Precautions.- Assessment of Social Skills: A Black Perspective.- Self-Report Measures.- Behavioral Interviewing.- Behavioral Assessment.- Physiological Measurement.- Treatment of Social Skills for Black Populations.- Modeling.- Behavior Rehearsal.- Response Feedback.- Outcome Studies in Social Skills.- Generalization of Treatment.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10: Substance Abuse.- The Problem of Alcohol Abuse.- A Behavioral Definition of Alcoholism.- Some Comments on Cultural Issues.- Review of the Literature.- Aversion Conditioning.- Covert Sensitization.- Controlled Drinking.- Community-Based Approaches.- Other Techniques.- Summary and Conclusions.- Research Directions for Alcoholism.- Other Drug Abuse.- Behavioral Approaches to Drug Abuse.- A Definition of Drug Abuse.- Review of the Literature.- Aversive Conditioning Procedures.- Covert Sensitization.- Covert Extinction.- Modeling.- Contingency Contracting.- Systematic Desensitization.- Methadone Maintenance.- Summary of Drug Abuse Treatment.- General Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11: Sexual Disorders.- Identification of Sexual Disorders.- Prevalence of Sexual Disorders: A Special Focus on Blacks.- Sexual Dysfunctions.- General Causative Factors.- Historical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors in Sexual Dysfunctions of Blacks.- General Treatment Approaches.- Male Sexual Dysfunctions.- Premature Ejaculation.- Impotence.- Ejaculatory Incompetence.- Female Sexual Dysfunctions.- Orgasmic Dysfunctions.- Vaginismus.- Dyspareunia.- Behavioral Intervention Strategies Uniquely Important in Sexual Dysfunction Counseling with Blacks.- Alleviation of the Couple’s Anxiety about Therapy and the Therapist.- Alleviation of the Client’s Embarrassment about Having a Sexual Problem.- Modification of Problematic Sexual Attitudes Based on Myths, Misconceptions, and Stereotypes.- Facilitation of the Female’s and Especially the Male’s Expression of Loving, Neutral, and Negative Feelings.- Consistent Boosting of the Male’s Self-Esteem Throughout Therapy.- Sexual Deviance.- Common Deviant Sexual Behavior in American Society.- Sexual Behavior Perceived as Deviant among Many Blacks.- Formulation of Sexual Deviance within the Behavioral Model.- Behavioral Treatment of Sexual Deviance.- Positive Aspects of Behavioral Intervention for Blacks with Sexual Disorders.- Considerations in Making Sex Therapy Available to Blacks.- Implications for Future Treatment and Research.- References.- 12: Stress Disorders.- Interaction of Physiological and Psychological Systems.- Psychological Reaction to Stress.- Psychosomatic Disorders.- Hypertension.- Peptic Ulcer.- Coronary Heart Disease.- Other Disorders.- Stress in Black Populations.- Behavioral Approaches to Stress.- Advantages of a Behavioral Interpretation.- Specific Treatment Interventions.- Hypertension.- Coronary Heart Disease.- Bronchial Asthma.- Tension and Migraine Headaches.- Summary.- References.- 13: Implementing Community Programs: The Black Perspective in Behavioral Community Psychology.- Current Definitions of Community Psychology.- Behavior Modification and Community Mental Health.- Tertiary Prevention.- Secondary Prevention.- Primary Prevention.- Behavior Modification and Black Communities.- The Black Perspective in Mental Health.- Mental Health Manpower in Black Communities: Recommendations for Training.- Conclusion.- References.