Perspectives in Ethology

1 The Science of Sentiment: The Problem of the Cerebral Localization of Emotion.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Limbic System.- IV. The Origins of the Limbic System.- V. The Uses of Localization and Hierarchy.- A. Philosophy.- B. Methodology.- C. Theory.- D. Ideology.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. References.- 2 On Central Controls for Aggression.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction and Discussion.- III. Acknowledgments.- IV. References.- 3 The Instrumental Effects of Emotional Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Activation.- III. Expectancy.- IV. Activation as a Self-Regulating Process.- V. Terms Based on the Expectancy Concept.- A. Coping.- B. Helplessness and Hopelessness.- C. Coping and Defense.- VI. Instrumental Effects of Emotional Responses.- VII. Behavioral Classifications of Threat-Induced Behavior Based on Instrumental Effects.- A. Defense (Strict Sense).- B. Offense.- C. Freezing.- D. Flight.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. References.- 4 Behavioral Foundations of Adaptation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Decisions and the Concept of Behavior Programs.- A. Behavior Programs.- B. Complex Behavior Patterns in Animals.- C. The Hierarchical Organization of Action.- IV. Distributed Process Control.- A. Distributed Control of Computing Machines.- B. Distributed Control of Biological Decision-Making.- C. The Degrees-of-Freedom Problem.- V. Adaptation in Distributed Decision-Making Systems.- A. Adaptation to the Status Quo.- B. Adaptation to Changes in the Status Quo.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 5 Brain and Behavior: Hierarchy of Feedback Systems and Control of Input.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Powers’ Concept: A Global View on the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- A. Delineation of Basic Terminology: Key Points of Powers’ Concept.- B. Cerebral Organization of Input Signals.- C. Cerebral Organization of Reference Signals.- D. Cerebral Organization of Output Signals.- IV. Behavioral Consequences of Changes in the Cerebral Organization.- A. Initiation, Maintenance, and Termination of Behavioral Programs.- B. Repetition of a Particular Behavioral Program.- C. Abrupt Interruption of Behavioral Programs.- V. Delineation of Rules of Order in the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- VI. Delineation of Brain Processes Directing Rules of Order in the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- A. How to Specify the Hierarchical Level of a Brain Entity: An Illustration.- B. How to Specify Signals Carried by a Brain Entity: An Illustration.- C. Neostriatum: System for Programming Arbitrarily the Ordering and Sequencing of Behavioral States.- D. Behavioral Consequences of Increasing the Magnitude of Reference Signals of the Striatal System: Apomorphine.- VII. How to Specify the Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals: Illustration of a Single Step Downstream in the Hierarchy.- A. Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata: Picrotoxin-Induced Effects.- B. Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata: Muscimol-Induced Effects.- VIII. How to Specify the Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals: Illustration of a Second Step Downstream in the Hierarchy.- A. Colliculus Superior, Deeper Layers: Muscimol-Induced Effects.- B. Colliculus Superior, Deeper Layers: Picrotoxin-Induced Effects.- IX. Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals into Behavioral Commands.- A. Dysfunctioning Striatal Programming Signals and Limited Degree of Behavioral Deficits.- B. Transformation of Striatal Program Signals into Behavioral Commands.- X. Epilogue.- XI. Postscript and Acknowledgments.- XII. References.- 6 Environmental Influences on Early Development: A Comparison of Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Introduction to Paradigms.- A. Characteristics of Imprinting.- B. Plasticity of the Visual Cortex of the Cat.- IV. Comparison of the Two Paradigms.- A. The Time Course of Sensitive Periods.- B. Irreversible Storage of Information.- C. Canalization of the Acquisition of External Stimuli by Genetic Influences.- D. Hebb’s Postulate on Learning as a Description of Plasticity Phenomena and the Influence of Selective Attention, Motivation, and Arousal.- V. Some Experiments Concerning the Morphological and Biochemical Correlates of Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity.- A. Cortical Plasticity.- B. Imprinting.- VI. Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity: Two Expressions of a Common Developmental Process?.- A. Specification of Neural and Behavioral Reactions.- B. The Temporal Course of Sensitive Periods.- C. Learning in Adult Animals.- D. Significance of Sensitive Periods and Imprinting for Adult Behavior.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 7 The Temporal Structure of Memory Formation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Bead Pecking Tasks Used in the Chick.- IV. A Comparison of Memory Formation in Mammals and in Chick.- V. Temporary Amnesias and Separate Routes of Memory Formation.- VI. The Route to Long-Term Memory: Events at the + 25-min Transition.- VII. Retrieval Mechanisms and Memory Formation.- VIII. Modes of Analysis of Information.- IX. Problems for the Future.- A. Establishment of Route to LTM.- B. The Division of ITM at +25 Min.- C. Shift of Retrieval to LTM.- X. References.- 8 Mrs. Harvey’s Parrot and Some Problems of Socioendocrine Response.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Socially Induced Ovulation: Early Studies.- IV. Recent Approaches.- V. The Female as Active Participant in Her Ovulatory Response.- A. Selection and Retention of the Male Mate.- B. Female Induction of Coordinated Responses from the Male.- C. Self-Feedback from Female Courtship Behavior.- VI. Implications of the Self-Feedback Hypothesis.- A. Why Males Attack Sexually Aroused Females.- B. Mrs. Harvey’s Parrot and the Mystery of the Misfired Egg.- VII. Summary and Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgment.- IX. References.- 9 Temporally Patterned Chemical communication: Is it Feasible?.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Sex Attraction and Courtship.- IV. Production of Temporally Patterned Chemical Signals.- V. The Transmission Medium.- A. Mathematical Models.- B. Empirical Measurements.- VI. Properties of the Receiver.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.