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Learning Spark

Lightning-Fast Big Data Analytics

Paperback Engels 2020 2e druk 9781492050049
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Samenvatting

Data is bigger, arrives faster, and comes in a variety of formats—and it all needs to be processed at scale for analytics or machine learning. But how can you process such varied workloads efficiently? Enter Apache Spark.

Updated to include Spark 3.0, this second edition shows data engineers and data scientists why structure and unification in Spark matters. Specifically, this book explains how to perform simple and complex data analytics and employ machine learning algorithms.

Through step-by-step walk-throughs, code snippets, and notebooks, you’ll be able to:
- Learn Python, SQL, Scala, or Java high-level Structured APIs
- Understand Spark operations and SQL Engine
- Inspect, tune, and debug Spark operations with Spark configurations and Spark UI
- Connect to data sources: JSON, Parquet, CSV, Avro, ORC, Hive, S3, or Kafka
- Perform analytics on batch and streaming data using Structured Streaming
- Build reliable data pipelines with open source Delta Lake and Spark
- Develop machine learning pipelines with MLlib and productionize models using MLflow

Specificaties

ISBN13:9781492050049
Trefwoorden:Data analyse, big data
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:375
Uitgever:O'Reilly
Druk:2
Verschijningsdatum:18-8-2020
Hoofdrubriek:IT-management / ICT
ISSN:

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Inhoudsopgave

Foreword
Preface
Who This Book Is For
How the Book Is Organized
How to Use the Code Examples
Software and Configuration Used
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
O’Reilly Online Learning
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments

1. Introduction to Apache Spark: A Unified Analytics Engine
The Genesis of Spark
Big Data and Distributed Computing at Google
Hadoop at Yahoo!
Spark’s Early Years at AMPLab
What Is Apache Spark?
Speed
Ease of Use
Modularity
Extensibility
Unified Analytics
Apache Spark Components as a Unified Stack
Apache Spark’s Distributed Execution
The Developer’s Experience
Who Uses Spark, and for What?
Community Adoption and Expansion

2. Downloading Apache Spark and Getting Started
Step 1: Downloading Apache Spark
Spark’s Directories and Files
Step 2: Using the Scala or PySpark Shell
Using the Local Machine
Step 3: Understanding Spark Application Concepts
Spark Application and SparkSession
Spark Jobs
Spark Stages
Spark Tasks
Transformations, Actions, and Lazy Evaluation
Narrow and Wide Transformations
The Spark UI
Your First Standalone Application
Counting M&Ms for the Cookie Monster
Building Standalone Applications in Scala
Summary

3. Apache Spark’s Structured APIs
Spark: What’s Underneath an RDD?
Structuring Spark
Key Merits and Benefits
The DataFrame API
Spark’s Basic Data Types
Spark’s Structured and Complex Data Types
Schemas and Creating DataFrames
Columns and Expressions
Rows
Common DataFrame Operations
End-to-End DataFrame Example
The Dataset API
Typed Objects, Untyped Objects, and Generic Rows
Creating Datasets
Dataset Operations
End-to-End Dataset Example
DataFrames Versus Datasets
When to Use RDDs
Spark SQL and the Underlying Engine
The Catalyst Optimizer
Summary

4. Spark SQL and DataFrames: Introduction to Built-in Data Sources
Using Spark SQL in Spark Applications
Basic Query Examples
SQL Tables and Views
Managed Versus UnmanagedTables
Creating SQL Databases and Tables
Creating Views
Viewing the Metadata
Caching SQL Tables
Reading Tables into DataFrames
Data Sources for DataFrames and SQL Tables
DataFrameReader
DataFrameWriter
Parquet
JSON
CSV
Avro
ORC
Images
Binary Files
Summary

5. Spark SQL and DataFrames: Interacting with External Data Sources
Spark SQL and Apache Hive
User-Defined Functions
Querying with the Spark SQL Shell, Beeline, and Tableau
Using the Spark SQL Shell
Working with Beeline
Working with Tableau
External Data Sources
JDBC and SQL Databases
PostgreSQL
MySQL
Azure Cosmos DB
MS SQL Server
Other External Sources
Higher-Order Functions in DataFrames and Spark SQL
Option 1: Explode and Collect
Option 2: User-Defined Function
Built-in Functions for Complex Data Types
Higher-Order Functions
Common DataFrames and Spark SQL Operations
Unions
Joins
Windowing
Modifications
Summary

6. Spark SQL and Datasets
Single API for Java and Scala
Scala Case Classes and JavaBeans for Datasets
Working with Datasets
Creating Sample Data
Transforming Sample Data
Memory Management for Datasets and DataFrames
Dataset Encoders
Spark’s Internal Format Versus Java Object Format
Serialization and Deserialization (SerDe)
Costs of Using Datasets
Strategies to Mitigate Costs
Summary

7. Optimizing and Tuning Spark Applications
Optimizing and Tuning Spark for Efficiency
Viewing and Setting Apache Spark Configurations
Scaling Spark for Large Workloads
Caching and Persistence of Data
DataFrame.cache()
DataFrame.persist()
When to Cache and Persist
When Not to Cache and Persist
A Family of Spark Joins
Broadcast Hash Join
Shuffle Sort Merge Join
Inspecting the Spark UI
Journey Through the Spark UI Tabs
Summary

8. Structured Streaming
Evolution of the Apache Spark Stream Processing Engine
The Advent of Micro-Batch Stream Processing
Lessons Learned from Spark Streaming (DStreams)
The Philosophy of Structured Streaming
The Programming Model of Structured Streaming
The Fundamentals of a Structured Streaming Query
Five Steps to Define a Streaming Query
Under the Hood of an Active Streaming Query
Recovering from Failures with Exactly-Once Guarantees
Monitoring an Active Query
Streaming Data Sources and Sinks
Files
Apache Kafka
Custom Streaming Sources and Sinks
Data Transformations
Incremental Execution and Streaming State
Stateless Transformations
Stateful Transformations
Stateful Streaming Aggregations
Aggregations Not Based on Time
Aggregations with Event-Time Windows
Streaming Joins
Stream–Static Joins
Stream–Stream Joins
Arbitrary Stateful Computations
Modeling Arbitrary Stateful Operations with mapGroupsWithState()
Using Timeouts to Manage Inactive Groups
Generalization with flatMapGroupsWithState()
Performance Tuning
Summary

9. Building Reliable Data Lakes with Apache Spark
The Importance of an Optimal Storage Solution
Databases
A Brief Introduction to Databases
Reading from and Writing to Databases Using Apache Spark
Limitations of Databases
Data Lakes
A Brief Introduction to Data Lakes
Reading from and Writing to Data Lakes using Apache Spark
Limitations of Data Lakes
Lakehouses: The Next Step in the Evolution of Storage Solutions
Apache Hudi
Apache Iceberg
Delta Lake
Building Lakehouses with Apache Spark and Delta Lake
Configuring Apache Spark with Delta Lake
Loading Data into a Delta Lake Table
Loading Data Streams into a Delta Lake Table
Enforcing Schema on Write to Prevent Data Corruption
Evolving Schemas to Accommodate Changing Data
Transforming Existing Data
Auditing Data Changes with Operation History
Querying Previous Snapshots of a Table with Time Travel
Summary

10. Machine Learning with MLlib
What Is Machine Learning?
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Why Spark for Machine Learning?
Designing Machine Learning Pipelines
Data Ingestion and Exploration
Creating Training and Test Data Sets
Preparing Features with Transformers
Understanding Linear Regression
Using Estimators to Build Models
Creating a Pipeline
Evaluating Models
Saving and Loading Models
Hyperparameter Tuning
Tree-Based Models
k-Fold Cross-Validation
Optimizing Pipelines
Summary

11. Managing, Deploying, and Scaling Machine Learning Pipelines with Apache Spark
Model Management
MLflow
Model Deployment Options with MLlib
Batch
Streaming
Model Export Patterns for Real-Time Inference
Leveraging Spark for Non-MLlib Models
Pandas UDFs
Spark for Distributed Hyperparameter Tuning
Summary

12. Epilogue: Apache Spark 3.0
Spark Core and Spark SQL
Dynamic Partition Pruning
Adaptive Query Execution
SQL Join Hints
Catalog Plugin API and DataSourceV2
Accelerator-Aware Scheduler
Structured Streaming
PySpark, Pandas UDFs, and Pandas Function APIs
Redesigned Pandas UDFs with Python Type Hints
Iterator Support in Pandas UDFs
New Pandas Function APIs
Changed Functionality
Languages Supported and Deprecated
Changes to the DataFrame and Dataset APIs
DataFrame and SQL Explain Commands
Summary

Index

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