Preface
A Note on Culture and Language
Chapter 1: The Necessity of Intercultural Communication
The Need for Intercultural Communication
Benefits of Intercultural Communication
Diversity in the United States
Human Communication
The Nature of Human Communication
Human Communication Apprehension
The Nature of Culture
Accumulated Pattern of Values, Beliefs, and Behaviors
An Identifiable Group of People With a Common History
Verbal and Nonverbal Symbol Systems
Microcultural Groups
The Study of Intercultural Communication
A Contextual Model of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication and Uncertainty
Intercultural Communication Apprehension
Fundamental Assumptions About Intercultural Communication
The Ethics of Intercultural Communication
The Five Approaches to Determining Which Behaviors Are Ethical
The Ethical Principles of Eastern Cultures
The Goal: Intercultural Communication Competence
An Integrated Model and Measure of Intercultural Communication Competence
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 2: The Cultural Context
Individualism-Collectivism
Individualism
Collectivism
Individualism Versus Collectivism?
So, Who’s an Individualist, and Who’s a Collectivist?
Patterns of Individualism and Collectivism Across the United States
Communication Consequences of Individualism-Collectivism
Vertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism
The Pancultural Self
High- and Low-Context Communication
Characteristics of High- and Low-Context Cultures
Value Orientations
Schwartz Theory of Basic Values
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations
Power Distance
Measuring Power Distance
Communication and Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
A Theory of Uncertainty Orientation
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethical Considerations Within the Cultural Context
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 3: The Microcultural Context
Microcultural Group Status
Muted Microcultural Groups
Microcultures in the United States
Hispanics/Latinos
Black Americans
Asian Americans
Normative Communication Styles of Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics/Latinos
Native Americans/American Indians
Arab Americans
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer/Questioning Microcultural Groups
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethical Issues And Microcultures
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 4: The Environmental Context
Environments and Information Load
Culture and the Natural Environment
Worldviews of the Natural Environment
Natural Disasters as Cultural and Social Events
The Built Environment
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Housing
Japanese Housing
American Navajo Housing
Muslim Homes
Privacy
Perceptions of Privacy in the United States
Cross-Cultural Variations on Privacy
Online Privacy Across Cultures
Monochronic Versus Polychronic Time Orientation
Consequences of Monochronic and Polychronic Orientations
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and the Environmental Context
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 5: The Perceptual Context
Culture and Cognition
The Geography of Thought
A Model of Human Information Processing
Cross-Cultural Differences in Sensation and Perception
Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory and Retrieval
Categorization and Mental Economy
Stereotyping
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes
U.S. Stereotypes
Media Influence on Stereotypes
Stereotype Content Model
Why Stereotype?
Stereotypes and Expectations
Ethnocentrism
A Contemporary Conceptualization of Ethnocentrism
Ethnocenterism, Intercultural Communication, and Interpersonal Perception
Ethnocenterism and Communication in the Workplace
Ethnocentrism and Racism
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and the Perceptual Context
Developing Intercultural Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 6: The Sociorelational Context
Dimensions of Group Variability
Membership and Nonmembership Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Reference Groups
Role Relationships
Role Differentiation and Stratification
Family Groups
Sex and Gender Groups
Sex and Gender Roles Across Cultures
Japan
India
China
Mexico
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and the Sociorelational Context
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 7: The Verbal Code
The Relationship Between Language and Culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The Structure of Human Language
Sounds and Symbols
Syntax and Universal Grammar
Universals of Language
Generative Grammar
The Gendering of Language: Are Languages Sexist?
Elaborated and Restricted Codes
Cross-Cultural Communication Styles
Direct and Indirect Styles
Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Styles
Personal and Contextual Styles
Instrumental and Affective Styles
Gendered Language Style Across Cultures
Language and Ethnic Identity
Do You Speak "American"?
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and the Verbal Code
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 8: The Nonverbal Code
Definitions of Nonverbal Communication
The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Codes
Formal Versus Informal Code Systems
Channels of Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics
Occulesics
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Haptics
Olfactics
Physical Appearance and Dress
Chronemics
Nonverbal Communication and Dimensions of Cultural Variability
Individualism-Collectivism
Power Distance
High and Low Context
Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory
Cultural Contexts and Nonverbal Expectancies
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and the Nonverbal Code
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 9: Developing Intercultural Relationships
Communication and Uncertainty
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory of Effective Communication
Uncertainty Reduction and Intercultural Communication Apprehension
Assessing Sociocommunicative Orientation/Style
Empathy and Similarity in Relationship Development
Empathy
Similarity
Perceptions of Relational Intimacy Across Cultures
Eastern and Western Cultures and Relationships
Interethnic and Interracial Relationships and Marriages
Intercultural Relational Maintenance
The Internet as Relational Maintenance
Mate Selection and Desirability Across Cultures
Arranged Marriages
Marital Dissolution and Divorce Across Cultures
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and Intercultural Relationships
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 10: Intercultural Conflict
Definition of Intercultural Conflict
Kim’s Model of Intercultural Conflict
A Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model
Intercultural Dialogue, Conflict Resolution, and a Culture of Peace
The Concept of Face, Facework, and Communication Conflict Styles
Face
Facework
Conflict Communication Styles
The Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory
Individualistic and Collectivistic Approaches to Conflict
Conflict Resolution in High- Versus Low-Context Cultures
Resolving Cross-Cultural Conflict: A Contingency Model
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethics and Intercultural Conflict
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 11: Intercultural Communication in Business, Health Care, and Educational Settings
Intercultural Management
Management Practices Across Cultures
Japanese Management Practices
German Management Practices
Mexican Management Practices
Chinese Management Practices
Culture, Intercultural Communication, and Health Care
Lay Theories of Illness
Health Care and Resources Across Cultures
Health Communication
Provider-Patient Communication
Intercultural Communication and Educational Settings
Learning Styles Across Cultures
Teacher Immediacy in the Classroom and Across Cultures
Some Recommendations for the Intercultural Classroom
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethical Considerations
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Key Terms
Chapter 12: Acculturation, Culture Shock, and Intercultural Competence
Acculturation
Acculturative Stress
A Model of Acculturation
Modes of Acculturation
Acculturation in the United States
Culture Shock
W-Curve Models of Reentry Culture Shock
Strategies for Managing Culture Shock
Indicators of Success in the Intercultural Context
Intercultural Communication Competence
A Model of Intercultural Competence
Situational Features
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Ethical Considerations: Some Final Thoughts on Developing Intercultural Competence
Key Terms
Glossary
Notes
Index
