Chemical and Biological Microsensors – Applications in Fluid Media

<p>Foreword xi</p>
<p>Chapter 1. General Features 1<br /> Bernard MICHAUX</p>
<p>1.1. Definitions 1</p>
<p>1.2. Classification 6</p>
<p>1.3. Specific problems of chemical sensors 14</p>
<p>1.4. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical microsensors 21</p>
<p>1.5. Perspectives 22</p>
<p>1.6. Bibliography 23</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Chemical Sensors: Development and Industrial Requirements 25<br /> Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY, based on discussions with Jacques FOMBON</p>
<p>2.1. Introduction 25</p>
<p>2.2. Modern research and development (R&amp;D) management methods applied to sensors 26</p>
<p>2.3. Applications and inventory of the needs 33</p>
<p>2.4. New needs and industrial applications 37</p>
<p>2.5. The sensor in the measuring chain 39</p>
<p>2.6. Conclusions and prospects 43</p>
<p>2.7. Bibliography 43</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensors 45<br /> Pierre FABRY and Jean–Claude MOUTET, and translated by J.C. POIGNET and Pierre FABRY</p>
<p>3.1. General concepts 45</p>
<p>3.2. Models for the sensitivity and selectivity of potentiometric sensors 51</p>
<p>3.3. Case of amperometric sensors 64</p>
<p>3.4. Molecular recognition and sensors 68</p>
<p>3.5. Characterization methods 70</p>
<p>3.6. Bibliography 77</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Potentiometric Sensors (Ions and Dissolved Gases) 81<br /> Annie PRADEL and Eric SAINT–AMAN</p>
<p>4.1. Introduction 81</p>
<p>4.2. Membranes 88</p>
<p>4.3. Current developments in potentiometric sensors 99</p>
<p>4.4. Bibliography 109</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Amperometric Sensors 115<br /> Alain WALCARIUS, Chantal GONDRAN and Serge COSNIER</p>
<p>5.1. Sensors based upon chemically modified electrodes 115</p>
<p>5.2. Amperometric biosensors 138</p>
<p>5.3. Bibliography 160</p>
<p>Chapter 6. ISFET, BioFET Sensors 173<br /> Nicole JAFFREZIC–RENAULT and Claude MARTELET, translated by Claude MARTELET</p>
<p>6.1. Structure of ISFET sensors 173</p>
<p>6.2. Techniques used for ISFET fabrication and operation 180</p>
<p>6.3. ISFET membranes 183</p>
<p>6.4. Detection of molecular species 187</p>
<p>6.5. BioFETs 193</p>
<p>6.6. Commercial devices 197</p>
<p>6.7. Conclusion and perspectives 201</p>
<p>6.8. Bibliography 202</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors Based Upon Guided Optics 209<br /> Jean–Pierre GOURE and Lo&iuml;c BLUM</p>
<p>7.1. Introduction 209</p>
<p>7.2. Definitions&nbsp; 210</p>
<p>7.3. Principles of optical microsensors 213</p>
<p>7.4. Optical fiber biosensors 220</p>
<p>7.5. Perspectives and conclusions 229</p>
<p>7.6. Bibliography 229</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Sensors and Voltammetric Probes for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Elements in Aquatic Media&nbsp;233<br /> Marie–Louise TERCIER–WAEBER and Jacques BUFFLE</p>
<p>8.1. Introduction 233</p>
<p>8.2. Basic principles of the voltammetric techniques and of their applications to analysis of water 235</p>
<p>8.3. Voltammetric techniques used for the analysis of trace elements in waters 244</p>
<p>8.4. Development of reliable submersible voltammetric probes 247</p>
<p>8.5. Submersible voltammetric probes reported in the literature 264</p>
<p>8.6. Conclusion 273</p>
<p>8.7. Bibliography 275</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Chemometrics 287<br /> Philippe BREUIL</p>
<p>9.1. Introduction 287</p>
<p>9.2. A particular case: the linear case 290</p>
<p>9.3. Least squares methods: non–linear case 302</p>
<p>9.4. Neural networks 303</p>
<p>9.5. Conclusion 305</p>
<p>9.6. Bibliography 306</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Impedancemetric Sensors 307<br /> Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY</p>
<p>10.1. Introduction 307</p>
<p>10.2. Fields of application 307</p>
<p>10.3. Conductivity of liquid media 310</p>
<p>10.4. Impedance of first kind cell (direct measurement) 313</p>
<p>10.5. Cell configurations and sources of error 317</p>
<p>10.6. Second kind cells 326</p>
<p>10.7. Summary of practical precautions 328</p>
<p>10.8. Bibliography 329</p>
<p>List of Authors 331</p>
<p>Index 335</p>