Measures in Electromagnetism

<p>Preface xiii</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Environment 1<br /> Pierre–No&euml;l FAVENNEC</p>
<p>1.1. Electromagnetic radiation sources 1</p>
<p>1.2. Electromagnetic fields 18</p>
<p>1.3. Bibliography 21</p>
<p>Chapter 2. From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near–field Scanning Optical Microscope 23<br /> Lo&iuml;c LALOUAT, Houssein NASRALLAH, Benoit CLUZEL, Laurent SALOMON, Colette DUMAS and Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique DE FORNEL</p>
<p>2.1. Introduction 23</p>
<p>2.2. Principle of the measurement using a local probe 24</p>
<p>2.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic field distribution inside nanophotonic components 30</p>
<p>2.4. Measuring the amplitude and phase in optical near–field 39</p>
<p>2.5. Active optical near–field microscopy 41</p>
<p>2.6. Conclusion 45</p>
<p>2.7. Acknowledgements 45</p>
<p>2.8. Bibliography 45</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Meteorological Visibility Measurement: Meteorological Optical Range 51<br /> Herv&eacute; SIZUN and Maher AL NABOULSI</p>
<p>3.1. Introduction 51</p>
<p>3.2. Definitions 52</p>
<p>3.3. Atmospheric composition 53</p>
<p>3.4. Atmospheric effects on light propagation 54</p>
<p>3.5. Units and scales 57</p>
<p>3.6. Measurement methods 58</p>
<p>3.7. Visibility perturbation factors 68</p>
<p>3.8. Applications 71</p>
<p>3.9. Appendix optical contrast and Koschmieder s law 75</p>
<p>3.10. Glossary 77</p>
<p>3.11. Bibliography 78</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Low Coherence Interferometry 81<br /> Xavier CHAPELEAU, Dominique LEDUC, Cyril LUPI, Virginie GAILLARD and Christian BOISROBERT</p>
<p>4.1. Introduction 81</p>
<p>4.2. Phase measurement 82</p>
<p>4.3. Metrology considerations 86</p>
<p>4.4. Applications 91</p>
<p>4.5. Conclusion 106</p>
<p>4.6. Bibliography 107</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Passive Remote Sensing at Submillimeter Wavelengths and THz 113<br /> G&eacute;rard BEAUDIN</p>
<p>5.1. Introduction 113</p>
<p>5.2. Submillimeter–THz low noise heterodyne receivers 115</p>
<p>5.3. Submillimeter THz applications for astronomy and astrophysics 120</p>
<p>5.4. Submillimeter THz remote–sensing applications to aeronomy and planetology 124</p>
<p>5.5. Conclusion 126</p>
<p>5.6. Acknowledgements 127</p>
<p>5.7. Bibliography 127</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Exposimetry Measurements of the Ambient RF Electromagnetic Fields 131<br /> Pierre–No&euml;l FAVENNEC</p>
<p>6.1. Introduction 131</p>
<p>6.2. Definitions 132</p>
<p>6.3. Interactions of the electromagnetic fields with biological tissues and medical risks 136</p>
<p>6.4. Exposure limit values 141</p>
<p>6.5. Electromagnetic environment to be measured 146</p>
<p>6.6. Measurement equipment 150</p>
<p>6.7. Measurements 159</p>
<p>6.8. Control stations and uninterrupted electromagnetic measurements: towards a 3D electromagnetic land register 175</p>
<p>6.9. Appendix 1 some field measurements 176</p>
<p>6.10. Appendix 2 principal characteristics of mobile communication systems 177</p>
<p>6.11. Bibliography 177</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Ambient RF Electromagnetic Measurements in a Rural Environment 181<br /> Herv&eacute; SIZUN and Philippe MALIET</p>
<p>7.1. Introduction 181</p>
<p>7.2. Measurement set–up 182</p>
<p>7.3. Operating mode 184</p>
<p>7.4. Different studies 185</p>
<p>7.5. Measurements results 186</p>
<p>7.6. Electrical field strength 188</p>
<p>7.7. Conclusion 189</p>
<p>7.8. Acknowledgements 189</p>
<p>7.9. Bibliography 189</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques 191<br /> Herv&eacute; SIZUN</p>
<p>8.1. Introduction 191</p>
<p>8.2. Field strength measurements 192</p>
<p>8.3. Measurement of the impulse response 195</p>
<p>8.4. Measurement of directions of arrival 198</p>
<p>8.5. WiFi measurements in a home environment (field strength, data rate) 216</p>
<p>8.6. Conclusion 222</p>
<p>8.7. Glossary 224</p>
<p>8.8. Acknowledgments 225</p>
<p>8.9. Bibliography 225</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Dosimetry of Interactions Between the Radioelectric Waves and Human Tissues Hybrid Approach of the Metrology 229<br /> Joe WIART and Man Fa&iuml; WONG</p>
<p>9.1. Introduction 229</p>
<p>9.2. Evaluation of the power absorber for the tissues 230</p>
<p>9.3. Experimental evaluation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) 232</p>
<p>9.4. SAR evaluation in biological tissues 235</p>
<p>9.5. Variability, representativeness and uncertainty 242</p>
<p>9.6. Conclusions 245</p>
<p>9.7. Bibliography 246</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Measurement for the Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 249<br /> Philippe BESNIER, Christophe LEMOINE and Mohammed SERHIR</p>
<p>10.1. Introduction 249</p>
<p>10.2. General aspects of EMC measurement 250</p>
<p>10.3. Emissivity and radiated immunity testing 253</p>
<p>10.4. Efficiency and limitations of EMC measurement techniques 261</p>
<p>10.5. Mode–stirred reverberation chambers 262</p>
<p>10.6. Electromagnetic near–field measurement techniques applied to EMC 268</p>
<p>10.7. Conclusions and future prospects 272</p>
<p>10.8. Bibliography 272</p>
<p>Chapter 11. High Precision Pulsar Timing in Centrimetric Radioastronomy 277<br /> Isma&euml;l COGNARD</p>
<p>11.1. Introduction 277</p>
<p>11.2. Ultra–stable clocks to the limits of the Galaxy 277</p>
<p>11.3. Dispersion by the interstellar medium 280</p>
<p>11.4. Instrumentation used to study pulsars 281</p>
<p>11.5. Swept local oscillator dedispersion 282</p>
<p>11.6. Filterbank dedispersion 283</p>
<p>11.7. Real–time coherent dedispersion 284</p>
<p>11.8. The coherent pulsar instrumentation installed at Nan&ccedil;ay 285</p>
<p>11.9. Conclusion 288</p>
<p>11.10. Bibliography 289</p>
<p>Chapter 12. Long Baseline Decameter Interferometry between Nan&ccedil;ay and LOFAR 291<br /> Philippe ZARKA</p>
<p>12.1. Introduction 291</p>
<p>12.2. Observations 293</p>
<p>12.3. Analysis 297</p>
<p>12.4. Conclusions and perspectives 303</p>
<p>12.5. Acknowledgements 305</p>
<p>12.6. Bibliography 305</p>
<p>List of Authors 307</p>
<p>Index 311</p>