Sustainable Geography

<p>Preface xiii</p>
<p>Author Biography xix</p>
<p>PART 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS AND LAWS 1</p>
<p>Part 1. Introduction 3</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science 5</p>
<p>1.1. The geographical question 5</p>
<p>1.2. Geographical space is produced 6</p>
<p>1.3. The reasons for the production of space 8</p>
<p>1.4. The organization of space 10</p>
<p>1.5. The logical field and the idea of a system in the production of space 13</p>
<p>1.6. The environment and the memories of the system 14</p>
<p>1.7. Geographical figures 16</p>
<p>1.8. Scientific practice 18</p>
<p>1.9. Conclusion 20</p>
<p>Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System 23</p>
<p>2.1. Populations and working forces 26</p>
<p>2.2. Resources to actualize 28</p>
<p>2.3. Information as a source of negentropy 30</p>
<p>2.4. Production means and organization of space 33</p>
<p>2.5. The place of the capital and its distribution 35</p>
<p>2.6. The cybernetics of the system 38</p>
<p>2.7. Back to A 40</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places 43</p>
<p>3.1. Cardinal fields 44</p>
<p>3.2. Planetary fields 45</p>
<p>3.3. Cultural fields 46</p>
<p>3.4. The effects of exposure and attraction 47</p>
<p>3.5. Fields and geographical distributions 49</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production 51</p>
<p>4.1. Geographic logic and the law of profit 52</p>
<p>4.2. Propositions of laws 53</p>
<p>4.3. Environment in systems 57</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Sense of Distance 59</p>
<p>5.1. Revelation of the distance 59</p>
<p>5.2. Distance measure 61</p>
<p>5.3. Ruptures of the distance 63</p>
<p>5.4. The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment 65</p>
<p>5.5. The distance and difference 67</p>
<p>5.6. End of distance? 70</p>
<p>PART 2. BROKEN SPACE 73</p>
<p>Part 2. Introduction 75</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds 77</p>
<p>6.1. Discontinuity theory (1965) 77</p>
<p>6.2. Discontinuities and catastrophism 79</p>
<p>6.3. The region and discontinuity 84</p>
<p>6.4. Back to the discontinuity (1997) 86</p>
<p>6.5. Three examples of discontinuities in the geomorphological processes 89</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments 93</p>
<p>7.1. The pure and the wall 94</p>
<p>7.2. Retrenchments at the center 96</p>
<p>7.3. Separated peripheries 99</p>
<p>7.4. Folds and double folds 102</p>
<p>7.5. From retrenchment to res publica 104</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation 107</p>
<p>8.1. Alienation 107</p>
<p>8.2. Antiworld 108</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of Labor 117</p>
<p>9.1. The territories of the antiworld 117</p>
<p>9.2. The complexity of the concept of international division of labor 119</p>
<p>9.3. The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of the roles 119</p>
<p>9.4. The golden belt 121</p>
<p>9.5. Territories without frankness, buccaneering territories 122</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago 125</p>
<p>10.1. The sources of this survey 126</p>
<p>10.2. Geographical history 127</p>
<p>10.3. The organization of the archipelago 133</p>
<p>10.4. The modes of production 142</p>
<p>10.5. Conclusion 152</p>
<p>10.6. Appendix 153</p>
<p>Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in Spate 155</p>
<p>11.1. Waves and currents of emigration 156</p>
<p>11.2. Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans 158</p>
<p>11.3. Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering 160</p>
<p>11.4. Conclusion 161</p>
<p>PART 3. MODELS AND CHOREMATICS 163</p>
<p>Part 3. Introduction 165</p>
<p>Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis 167</p>
<p>12.1. From spatial organization to models 168</p>
<p>12.2. Choremes 172</p>
<p>12.3. The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of geography 183</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes 191</p>
<p>13.1. Models and choremes 191</p>
<p>13.2. The rules of art 192</p>
<p>13.3. The procedure 194</p>
<p>13.4. In Poland, i.e. nowhere (A. Jarry) 195</p>
<p>13.5. The language of maps 198</p>
<p>13.6. Bibliography and References 199</p>
<p>Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research 201</p>
<p>14.1. What is a model? 202</p>
<p>14.2. Refutations 205</p>
<p>14.3. From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses 208</p>
<p>14.4. Requirements of modeling 210</p>
<p>14.5. Conclusion 214</p>
<p>Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models 217</p>
<p>15.1. The lake 218</p>
<p>15.2. The focus 218</p>
<p>15.3. The straight 219</p>
<p>15.4. The isthmus 220</p>
<p>15.5. The crescents 221</p>
<p>15.6. The barrier 221</p>
<p>15.7. The chott 221</p>
<p>Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner 223</p>
<p>16.1. The southwest corner of France 223</p>
<p>16.2. Openings to seize 226</p>
<p>16.3. Dissymmetries of nature 229</p>
<p>16.4. Two urban systems 231</p>
<p>16.5. Regions and resources 234</p>
<p>Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours (France) 239</p>
<p>17.1. Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius 241</p>
<p>17.2. The Val effect 243</p>
<p>17.3. The metropolization and the network star 244</p>
<p>17.4. Tours: social inequalities 248</p>
<p>Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial Organizations: A Few Models 253</p>
<p>18.1. Openings 253</p>
<p>18.2. Color images 263</p>
<p>18.3. Other illustrations 263</p>
<p>PART 4. SCALES OF GLOBALIZATION AND MOVING EUROPE 267</p>
<p>Part 4. Introduction 269</p>
<p>Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization 271</p>
<p>19.1. Economic globalization 272</p>
<p>19.2. The global village 273</p>
<p>19.3. Global ecology 275</p>
<p>19.4. How globalization changes the world 277</p>
<p>19.5. Re–differentiations and polycentrism 280</p>
<p>19.6. Contradictions and permanencies 282</p>
<p>19.7. Representations 283</p>
<p>Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond Revolution 287</p>
<p>20.1. The De Beers empire: a heritage of British imperialism 287</p>
<p>20.2. After globalization by monopoly, polycentric globalization 291</p>
<p>20.3. Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the millennium 296</p>
<p>Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines 299</p>
<p>21.1. The peninsula of the old continent 299</p>
<p>21.2. The European backbone 301</p>
<p>21.3. The Ring 302</p>
<p>21.4. The European trellis 304</p>
<p>21.5. Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities 306</p>
<p>21.6. Conclusions 308</p>
<p>21.7. Appendix: Blue Banana 308</p>
<p>Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards a New Modernity 311</p>
<p>22.1. Europe as a milieu 313</p>
<p>22.2. Can transnational city systems help Europe? 315</p>
<p>22.3. Conclusions 322</p>
<p>Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions 325</p>
<p>PART 5. GEOGRAPHY INTO THE CITY PROSPECTS 333</p>
<p>Part. 5. Introduction 335</p>
<p>Chapter 24. Regaining Reason 337</p>
<p>24.1. El sue&ntilde;o de la raz&oacute;n 337</p>
<p>24.2. Unsustainable city 338</p>
<p>24.3. Territories in competition 339</p>
<p>24.4. Si les signes vous faschent 340</p>
<p>24.5. The marshland of Entelechies 341</p>
<p>24.6. Serio ludere 342</p>
<p>Chapter 25. What is Geography? 343</p>
<p>25.1. The field of geography 343</p>
<p>25.2. Geography as a science 345</p>
<p>25.3. Geographies 347</p>
<p>25.4. Geography as an established fact 351</p>
<p>25.5. Applied geography 353</p>
<p>Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place 355</p>
<p>26.1. As an increased desire for geography 355</p>
<p>26.2. Five equations for fractions of society 356</p>
<p>26.3. Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession 358</p>
<p>26.4. Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking 360</p>
<p>26.5. For socially useful works 362</p>
<p>26.6. Conclusion 364</p>
<p>Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights 365</p>
<p>27.1. The difference 365</p>
<p>27.2. Resorting to nature 367</p>
<p>27.3. The revealing space 368</p>
<p>27.4. Conclusion 370</p>
<p>Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development 371</p>
<p>28.1. The scale of sustainable development is global 372</p>
<p>28.2. Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development 374</p>
<p>28.3. Local scale: untenable sustainable city 378</p>
<p>28.4. The intermediate scales 380</p>
<p>28.5. Conclusions 382</p>
<p>Conclusion. Along the Way 383</p>
<p>Index 385</p>