Quantum Communications in New Telecommunications Systems

Name: Quantum Communications in New Telecommunications Systems
Author: M Benslama

Gebonden Engels 2017 9781848219908

194,39

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This book addresses quantum communications in the light of new technological developments on photonic crystals and their potential applications in systems. Mathematical and physical aspects of quantum optical fibers and photonic crystals are considered in order to optimize the quantum transmissions. Two fundamentals elements are treated, reconfigurable optical add–drop multiplexer and WDM.

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ISBN13:9781848219908

Taal:Engels

Bindwijze:gebonden

Aantal pagina's:206

Uitgever:John Wiley & Sons

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Foreword ix
Preface  xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1. The State of the Art in Quantum Communications 1
1.1. Quantum mechanics as a generalized probability theory  1
1.2. Contextuality  3
1.3. Indeterminism and contextuality 3
1.4. Contextuality and hidden variables  4
1.5. Non–locality and contextuality  5
1.6. Bell states  6
1.7. Violation of the Leggett Garg inequality  7
1.8. Violation of the Bell inequality  8
1.9. EPR paradox  8
Chapter 2. Concepts in Communications  13
2.1. Quantum limits 13
2.2. Qubits  15
2.3. Qudit and qutrit  20
2.3.1. Qudit  20
2.3.2. Qutrit  23
2.4. Pauli matrices 24
2.4.1. Definition 24
2.4.2. Properties of these matrices 25
2.5. Decoherence  26
2.6. Entanglement  28
Chapter 3. Quantum Signal Processing  31
3.1. Wigner distribution  32
3.2. Quantum Fourier transform  34
3.3. Gauss sums in a quantum context  36
3.4. Geometry for quantum processing  37
Chapter 4. Quantum Circuits  41
4.1. Reversible logic  41
4.1.1. Physical reversibility 41
4.2. Reversible circuits 42
4.2.1. Reversible calculation models  42
4.2.2. Reversibility in quantum calculation  43
4.3. Quantum gates 44
4.3.1. Hadamard gate  44
4.3.2. Pauli–X gate  45
4.3.3. Pauli–Y gate  45
4.3.4. Pauli–Z gate  46
4.3.5. Swap gate 46
4.4. Toffoli gate 47
4.5. Deutsch gate  48
4.6. Quantum dots 49
4.7. QCA  52
Chapter 5. Optical Fibers and Solitons  53
5.1. Introduction  53
5.2. Optical fibers  54
5.2.1. The fiber s parameters  55
5.2.2. Birefringence in optical fibers  58
5.2.3. Dispersion in optical fibers  58
5.3. Soliton solutions for differential equations 60
5.3.1. Introduction  60
5.3.2. Nonlinear Schrodinger equation 61
5.3.3. Focusing soliton oscillations 63
5.3.4. Wave packet autostriction (modulation instability) 65
5.3.5. Evolution of the initial disturbance 69
5.4. Conclusion 73
Chapter 6. Photonic Crystals  75
6.1. General introduction  75
6.2. Photonic crystals  76
6.2.1. Photonic crystals with one dimension (Bragg network) 77
6.2.2. Band diagram 80
6.2.3. Maps of forbidden bands 81
6.3. Three–dimensional photonic crystals 82
6.4. Filters and multiplexors  82
6.5. Add–drop filters  83
6.6. Digital methods for photonic crystal analysis  84
6.6.1. Introduction  84
6.6.2. Modeling periodic dielectric structures 85
6.6.3. FDTD method 85
6.6.4. Available digital tools  86
6.7. Conclusion 88
Chapter 7. ROADM 89
7.1. Technological advances  89
7.2. Router –type filter  90
Chapter 8. WDM  95
8.1. Operating principle  95
8.2. Using WDM systems 96
8.3. DWDM networks 98
Chapter 9. Quantum Algorithms  99
Chapter 10. Applications 101
10.1. Laser satellites  101
10.1.1. The Doppler effect in inter–satellite laser communications  102
10.1.2. Modeling the Doppler effect in inter–satellite laser communications  103
10.1.3. Calculation software 108
10.1.4. Calculation software 108
Chapter 11. Quantum Cryptography  121
11.1. Cloning photons 123
11.2. Quantum cryptography 123
11.2.1. Introduction 123
11.2.2. Methodology 124
11.2.3. Results and discussion 126
11.2.4. Conclusion  129
11.3. Solutions to the practical limits of quantum cryptography 130
11.3.1. Introduction 130
11.3.2. Theoretical considerations 130
11.3.3. Practical considerations 131
11.3.4. Quantum noise  132
11.3.5. The QBER in quantum transmissions 133
11.3.6. Error correction methods in quantum cryptography 138
11.3.7. The correcting code for error correction in BB84  140
11.3.8. Time coding for error correction in BB84 142
11.3.9. Conclusion  144
11.4. Quantum error correcting codes 145
11.4.1. Introduction 145
11.4.2. Classical error correcting code 145
11.4.3. Quantum error correcting code 148
11.4.4. The time coding method for error correction: application in BB84 157
11.4.5. Correction of time code errors using the repetition method  158
11.4.6. Conclusion  161
Conclusion 163
Bibliography 167
Index 179

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