Prestressed Concrete Bridges

1 Historical Overview.- 2 Economy and Aesthetics.- 2.1 Design Objectives.- 2.2 Economy.- 2.2.1 Life-Cycle Costs.- 2.2.2 Construction Costs.- 2.2.3 Preliminary Estimates of Superstructure Costs.- 2.3 Aesthetics.- Reference.- 3 Materials and Actions.- 3.1 Materials.- 3.1.1 Concrete.- 3.1.2 Reinforcing Steel.- 3.1.3 Prestressing Steel.- 3.2 Actions.- 3.2.1 Loads.- 3.2.2 Prestressing.- 3.2.3 Restrained Deformations.- References.- 4 Fundamentals of Analysis and Design.- 4.1 Design for Safety and Serviceability.- 4.1.1 Safety.- 4.1.2 Serviceability.- 4.2 Calculation of Sectional Forces.- 4.2.1 Fundamentals.- 4.2.2 Sectional Forces Due to Loads, Prestressing, and Restrained Deformations.- 4.3 Calculation of the Resistance of the Cross-Section.- 4.3.1 Fundamentals.- 4.3.2 Flexure and Axial Force.- 4.3.3 Shear.- 4.3.4 Torsion Ill.- 4.3.5 Bending Resistance of Slabs and Tensile Resistance of Panels...- 4.4 Safety of Beams, Slabs, and Panels.- 4.4.1 Beams.- 4.4.2 Slabs.- 4.4.3 Panels.- 4.5 Detailing of Reinforcement.- 4.5.1 Anchorage and Splicing of Reinforcement.- 4.5.2 Detailing of Reinforcement at Joints of Rigid Frames.- 4.5.3 Flow of Forces in Panels.- 4.5.4 Flow of Forces in Box Girders and T-Girders.- 4.6 Prestressing.- 4.6.1 The Purpose of Prestressing.- 4.6.2 Methods of Prestressing.- 4.6.3 Post-Tensioning Systems.- 4.6.4 Detailing.- 4.6.5 Analysis of Prestressed Cross-Sections.- 4.6.6 Steel Stresses for Typical Loading States.- 4.6.7 Prestressing with Unbonded Tendons.- 4.6.8 Loss of Prestress.- 4.6.9 Prestressing Concepts.- 4.7 Long-Term Effects.- 4.7.1 Fundamentals.- 4.7.2 Calculation of Deformations Due to Permanent Load.- 4.7.3 Redistribution of Sectional Forces Due to Change of Structural System.- 4.7.4 Redistribution of Stress Due to Restrained Deformations or Self-Equilibrating States of Stress.- 4.8 Serviceability.- 4.8.1 Durability.- 4.8.2 Function.- 4.8.3 Appearance.- 4.8.4 Cracking.- 4.8.5 Deformations.- 4.8.6 Vibrations.- References.- 5 Analysis and Design of Bridge Superstructures.- 5.1 Structural Models and Load Distribution.- 5.1.1 General Ideas.- 5.1.2 Torsion and Introduction of Loads in Single-Cell Box Girders.- 5.1.3 Torsion and Eccentric Loads in Double-T Girders.- 5.1.4 Structural Models for Bridge Superstructures.- 5.2 Structural Function of Cross-Section Components.- 5.3 Analysis and Design of Cross-Section Components.- 5.3.1 Deck Slab.- 5.3.2 Webs.- 5.3.3 Bottom Slab.- 5.3.4 Diaphragms.- References.- 6 Accessories.- 6.1 Bearings.- 6.1.1 General Remarks.- 6.1.2 Structural Function of Bearings.- 6.1.3 Superstructure Displacements.- 6.1.4 Bearing Layout.- 6.2 Expansion Joints.- 6.3 Drainage and Anchorage of Guardrails.- 6.3.1 Drainage.- 6.3.2 Anchorage of Guardrails.- 6.4 Waterproofing and Wearing Surfaces.- Reference.- 7 Design and Construction of Special Bridge Types.- 7.1 Overview.- 7.2 Conventional Cast-in-Place Girder Bridges.- 7.2.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.2.2 Design of the Cross-Section.- 7.2.3 Prestressing Concepts.- 7.2.4 Preliminary Design.- 7.2.5 Tendon Layouts.- 7.2.6 Incrementally Launched Bridges.- 7.3 Girder Bridges with Precast Elements.- 7.3.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.3.2 Design of the Cross-Section.- 7.3.3 Prestressing Concepts.- 7.3.4 Preliminary Design.- 7.4 Cantilever-Constructed Girder Bridges.- 7.4.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.4.2 Design of the Cross-Section.- 7.4.3 Prestressing Concept.- 7.4.4 Tendon Layout.- 7.4.5 Preliminary Design and Special Design Considerations.- 7.4.6 Calculation of Camber and Casting Elevations.- 7.5 Skew Girder Bridges.- 7.5.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.5.2 Calculation of the Sectional Forces.- 7.5.3 Prestressing Concepts and Tendon Layouts.- 7.6 Curved Girder Bridges.- 7.6.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.6.2 Analysis.- 7.6.3 Transformation of Torque into Torsional Sectional Forces.- 7.6.4 Prestressing.- 7.6.5 Prestressing Concept and Tendon Layout.- 7.7 Arch Bridges.- 7.7.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.7.2 Design of the Cross-Section.- 7.7.3 Prestressing Concept and Tendon Layout.- 7.7.4 Preliminary Design.- 7.8 Frame Bridges.- 7.8.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.8.2 Prestressing Concepts and Tendon Layouts.- 7.9 Slab Bridges.- 7.9.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.9.2 Design of the Cross-Section.- 7.9.3 Prestressing Concept.- 7.9.4 Design.- 7.9.5 Reinforcement Layout.- 7.10 Cable-Stayed Bridges.- 7.10.1 Conceptual Design.- 7.10.2 Cables and Anchorages.- 7.10.3 Analysis and Design.- 7.10.4 Stability.- 7.10.5 Dynamic Behaviour.- 7.10.6 Construction.- References.- 8 Analysis and Design of Bridge Substructures.- 8.1 Piers.- 8.1.1 General Ideas.- 8.1.2 Second-Order Analysis of Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns.- 8.1.3 Calculation of Ultimate Resistance for Flexure and Axial Force.- 8.1.4 Flexural Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Sections.- 8.1.5 Imposed Deformations.- 8.1.6 Design at Ultimate Limit State.- 8.1.7 Use of Design Aids.- 8.1.8 Special Cases.- 8.1.9 Flexible Systems.- 8.2 Foundations.- 8.2.1 General Remarks.- 8.2.2 Spread Footings.- 8.2.3 Shaft Foundations.- 8.2.4 Cofferdams.- 8.2.5 Pile Foundations.- References.- Appendix: Diagrams for the Design of Slender Columns.- A1 Use of Diagrams.- A2 Notation.- A3 Buckling Diagrams.