Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

A. Advances.- Multiple Subpial Transection.- Theoretical Basis.- Indications.- In Relation to Eloquent Cortex.- In Relation to Landau-Kleffner Syndrome.- The Methohexital Suppression Test.- The Intra-Carotid Sodium Amytal Test.- Intracranial Recording.- In Relation to Multi-Focal and Multi-Lobar Epilepsy.- Technique.- Outcome.- Outcome from Operation in Eloquent Areas.- Outcome in Rasmussen’s Disease.- Outcome in Landau Kleffner Syndrome.- Outcome from Multi-Lobar and Multi-Focal Epilepsy.- Discussion.- Conclusion.- References.- Hemispheric Disconnection: Callosotomy and Hemispherotomy.- Corpus Callosotomy.- Historical Perspectives.- Rationale for Corpus Callosotomy.- Indications for Corpus Callosotomy.- Preoperative Evaluation.- Surgical Techniques.- Surgical Complications.- Functional Complications.- Seizure Outcome.- Hemispherotomy.- Historical Background.- Techniques of Hemispherectomy.- Anatomical Hemispherectomy.- Hemidecortication.- Modified Hemispherectomy.- Functional Hemispherectomy.- Hemispheric Disconnection.- Hemispherotomy.- Indications for Hemispherectomy.- Seizures: Intractability and Types.- Neurological Status.- Etiological Factors.- Electroencephalography.- Radiological Investigation.- Techniques.- The Vertical Approach.- The Lateral Approach.- Results.- Complications.- Psychosocial Outcome.- Seizures Outcome.- Conclusion.- References.- Central Nervous System Lymphomas.- Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCL).- Epidemiology.- Clinical Forms.- Anatomo-Radiological Types.- Intracerebral Parenchymal Localisation.- Meningo-Encephalic Form.- Purely Meningeal Involvement.- Spinal Lymphoma.- Rare Clinical Forms.- Ocular Lymphoma.- Histopathological Data.- Diagnosis.- Diagnostic Tools.- Cerebral Biopsy.- CSF Examination.- Vitrectomy and Retineal Biopsy.- Diagnostic Problems.- Differential Diagnosis with Neurological Diseases.- Staging of Disease.- Steroid Sensitivity: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications.- Management.- Prognostic Factors.- Treatment.- Surgery.- Radiation Therapy.- Chemotherapy.- Others CNS Lymphomas.- Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.- Hodgkin’s Disease.- Mycosis Fungoides.- Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis.- Intravascular Lymphomatosis.- Benign Lymphoid Masses.- CNS Lymphoma in Immunocompromised Patients.- Conclusions.- Invited Commentary: Treatment of Diseases of the Central Nervous System Using Encapsulated Cells, by A. F. Hottinger and P. Aebischer (Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery Vol. 25).- B. Technical Standards.- The Intracranial Venous System as a Neurosurgeon’s Perspective.- Foreword.- Basic Readings Concerning Intracranial Venous System.- Anatomy.- Radiology.- Physiology.- References on Excluded Topics.- Cranial Injuries Involving Major Dural Sinuses.- Carotido-Cavernous Fistulas.- Dural Arterio-Venous Fistulas.- The Venous Drainages of Arterio-Venous Malformations.- Venous Angiomas (Developmental Venous Anomalies).- Parasellar Tumors Invading the Cavernous Sinus.- Chemodectomas of Jugular Foramen.- Venous Thromboses.- Benign Intracranial Hypertension.- The “Dangerous” Venous Structures.- Dural Sinuses.- The Superior Sagittal Sinus (SSS).- The Lateral Sinuses (LS).- Superfical Veins.- Midline Afferent Veins to the SSS (and Trolard Vein).- Inferior Cerebral Veins (and Labbé Vein).- Sylvian Veins (and Superficial Sylvian Vein).- Risks when Sacrificing Superfical Veins.- Deep Veins.- The Vein of Galen and the Straight Sinus.- The Deep Veins.- The Deep Venous Territories.- Risks in Thromboses or Occlusions of the Vein of Galen and Main Tributaries.- Veins of Posterior Fossa.- The Brain stem is Drained by two Lateral Collectors.- Each Cerebellar Hemisphere has Schematically Three Venous Territories.- The Vermis has two Territories.- The Posterior Fossa Collectors have rich Anastomoses.- The Major Dural Sinuses of Posterior Fossa (Transverse, Sigmoid) are very “Dangerous” Structures.- Risks of Venous Sacrifices.- The Venous Territories.- Venous System Modified by Pathology and Treatments.- Imaging of the Intracranial Venous System.- Pathological Consequences of Venous Occlusions.- Pathological Consequences of Acute Occlusion (or Injury) of the Cerebral Veins.- Pathological Consequences of Chronic Occlusion of the Intracranial Venous System.- Venous Problems Encountered During Surgical Approaches.- General Problems.- Intracranial Venous Pressure in Relation with Positioning.- Prevention and Control of Air Embolism.- Prevention and Control of Venous Bleeding.- Avoidance of Excessive Retraction.- Preservation of Bridging or Superfical Veins.- Reconstruction Techniques of the Bridging Veins.- “Taking Care with the Venous Dangers at the End of the Surgery”.- Post-Operative Anticoagulation.- Particularities According to the Various Approaches.- Interhemispheric Approaches.- Fronto-Pteriono-Temporal Approaches.- Subtemporal Approaches.- Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Approaches.- Presigmoid Retrolabyrinthine Approaches.- Approaches of the Pineal Region and Posterior Part of the Third Ventricle.- Transventricular Approaches.- Surgery of Tumors Invading the Major Venous Structures.- Meningiomas Involving the Major Dural Sinuses.- Preoperative Investigations.- Indications.- Surgical Technique.- Post Operative Care.- Patency.- Conclusions.- Pineal Region Tumors Involving Vein of Galen.- Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach.- Occipital Transtentorial Approach.- Surgical Interventions in Thromboses and Occlusions of the Intracranial Venous System.- Interventional Treatments for Acute Intracranial Venous Thromboses.- Medical Management.- Local Thrombolysis by Interventional Procedures.- Conclusions.- Surgical Restoration of Venous Flow for Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension Resulting from Venous Occlusions.- Surgical Technique of Sino-Jugular Bypass.- Results.- Conclusions and Discussion.- General Conclusions.- References.- Reconstructive Surgery of the Extracranial Arteries.- Summary.- Carotid Endarterectomy.- The Natural History of Carotid Artery Disease.- Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease.- Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease.- Clinical Trials.- Carotid Endarterectomy Trials in Asymptomatic Patients.- Carotid Endarterectomy Trials in Symptomatic Patients.- Emerging Indications and Contraindications: Guidelines for Carotid Endarterectomy.- The AHA Guidelines for Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease.- The AHA Guidelines for Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease.- Preoperative Management.- General Evaluation and Risk Assessment.- Imaging.- Medication.- Timing of Surgery.- Special Considerations.- Intraoperative Management.- Anaesthesia.- Intraoperative Monitoring.- Intraoperative Anticoagulation.- Postoperative Management.- ICU Monitoring.- Hospitalization.- Outpatient and Follow-up.- Surgical Controversies and Special Considerations.- Microsurgical Versus Conventional Surgical Technique.- Intraoperative Shunting: Always, Sometimes or Never?.- Patch Grafting: When to do it and What to use?.- Recurrent Carotid Stenosis.- Eversion Technique for Carotid Endarterectomy.- Tacking Sutures.- Intraluminal Thrombus.- Tandem Lesions of the Carotid Siphon.- Pseudo-Occlusion or Small Distal Internal Carotid Artery.- Complete Carotid Occlusion.- Carotid Stump Syndrome.- Elongated Internal Carotid Artery with Angulation or Kinking.- Contralateral Carotid Artery Occlusion.- Bilateral Carotid Endarterectomy.- The Operative Procedure: Step by Step.- Positioning.- Skin Incision.- Carotid Exposure.- Cross-Clamping.- Arteriotomy.- Selective Shunt Placement.- Endarterectomy.- Arteriotomy Closure.- Recirculation.- Wound Closure.- Complications and their Avoidance.- Surgical Complications.- Medical Complications.- Future Perspectives.- Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy.- Minimal Invasive Microsurgery.- Quality Control.- Personal Results.- Cervical Vertebral (VA) and Subclavian Artery (SA) Reconstructions.- Comparison of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) and Open Surgery.- Results of Surgical SA Reconstructions.- Results of Proximal VA Reconstructions.- Results of Revascularization of the Distal VA.- Results of PTA and Stenting for the Proximal VA and SA.- Surgical Indications and Manoeuvres.- Surgical Indications.- Approach to the Proximal SA and VA.- Technique of the S A/CCA Transposition.- CCA/SA Bypass.- VA/CCA Transposition.- Revascularization of the Distal VA.- Monitoring for Posterior Circulation Revascularization.- Personal Results.- Proximal VA/SA Reconstructions.- Distal VA Reconstructions.- Future Perspectives.- Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms.- References.- Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis.- Abstract.- Historical Overview.- Definition of Spinal Instability.- Degenerative Spondylolisthesis.- Isthmic Spondylolisthesis.- Spinal Navigation.- Additional Interbody Fusion.- Need for Laminectomy with Degenerative Spondylolisthesis.- Senior Author’s Experience.- Conclusion.- References.