Biomimetics

<p>Chapter 1.&nbsp; Introduction (Revised)</p><p>1.1. Introduction</p><p>1.2. Biodiversity</p><p>1.3. Lessons from Nature</p><p>1.4. Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers</p>1.5. Biomimetics in Art and Architecture – Bioarchitecture<p></p><p>1.6. Industrial Significance</p><p>1.7. Research Objective and Approach</p><p>1.8. Organization of the Book </p><p>Chapter 2.&nbsp; Roughness-Induced Superliquiphilic/phobic Surfaces:&nbsp; Lessons from Nature (Revised)</p>2.1. Introduction<p></p><p>2.2. Wetting States</p><p>2.3. Applications</p><p>2.4. Natural Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning, Low Adhesion/Drag Reduction Surfaces with Antifouling</p><p>2.5. Natural Superhydrophobic and High Adhesion Surfaces</p><p>2.6. Natural Superoleophobic Self-Cleaning and Low Drag Surfaces with Antifouling</p><p>2.7. Closure</p><p>Chapter 3.&nbsp; Modeling of Contact Angle for a Liquid in Contact with a Rough Surface for Various Wetting Regimes (Revised)</p><p>3.1. Introduction</p><p>3.2. Contact Angle Definition</p>3.3. Homogenous and Heterogeneous Interfaces and the Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter and Cassie Equations<p></p><p>3.3.1. Limitations of the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter Equations</p><p>3.3.2. Range of Applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter Equations</p><p>3.4. Contact Angle Hysteresis</p><p>3.5. Stability of a Composite Interface and Role of Hierarchical Structure with Convex Surfaces</p><p>3.6. The Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Wetting Regime Transition</p><p>3.7. Closure</p><p>Chapter 4.&nbsp; Lotus Effect Surfaces in Nature (Revised)</p><p>4.1. Introduction</p><p>4.2. Plant Leaves</p><p>4.3. Characterization of Superhydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaf Surfaces</p><p>4.3.1. Experimental Techniques</p><p>4.32. SEM Micrographs </p><p>4.3.3. Contact Angle Measurements </p>4.3.4. Surface Characterization Using an Optical Profiler<p></p><p>4.3.5. Surface Characterization, Adhesion, and Friction Using an AFM</p><p>4.3.6. Role of the Hierarchical Roughness </p><p>4.3.7. Summary&nbsp; </p><p>4.4. Various Self-cleaning Approaches</p><p>4.4.1. Comparison between Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surface Approaches for Self-cleaning</p><p>4.4.2. Summary </p><p>4.5. Closure</p>Chapter 5.&nbsp; Fabrication Techniques used for Superliquiphilic/phobic Structures (Revised)<p></p><p>5.1. Introduction</p><p>5.2. Roughening to Create One-Level Structure </p><p>5.3. Coatings to Create One-Level Structures</p><p>5.4. Methods to Create Two-Level (Hierarchical) Structures</p><p>5.5. Etching Techniques for Attachment of Coatings</p><p>5.6. Closure</p><p>Chapter 6.&nbsp; Strategies of Micro-, Nano- and Hierarchically Structured Lotus-like Surfaces (Revised)</p><p>6.1. Introduction</p><p>6.2. Experimental Techniques</p><p>6.2.1. Contact Angle, Surface Roughness, and Adhesion</p><p>6.2.2. Droplet Evaporation Studies </p>6.2.3. Bouncing Droplet Studies<p></p><p>6.2.4. Vibrating Droplet Studies</p><p>6.2.5. Microdroplet Condensation and Evaporation Studies using ESEM</p><p>6.2.6. Generation of Submicron Droplets</p><p>6.3. Micro- and Nanopatterned Polymers</p><p>6.3.1. Contact Angle</p><p>6.3.2. Effect of Submicron Droplet on Contact Angle</p><p>6.3.3. Adhesive Force</p><p>6.3.4. Summary</p><p>6.4. Micropatterned Si Surfaces</p><p>6.4.1. Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Transition Criteria </p><p>6.4.2. Effect of Pitch Value on the Transition</p><p>6.4.3. Observation of Transition during the Droplet Evaporation</p><p>6.4.4. Another Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Transition for Different Series</p><p>6.4.5. Contact Angle Hysteresis and Wetting/Dewetting Asymmetry</p><p>6.4.6. Contact Angle Measurements During Condensation and Evaporation of Microdroplets on Micropatterned Surfaces</p><p>6.4.7. Observation of Transition during the Bouncing Droplet</p><p>6.4.8. Summary</p><p>6.5. Ideal Surfaces with Hierarchical Structure</p><p>6.6. Hierarchically Structured Surfaces with Wax Platelets and Tubules using Nature’s Route</p><p>6.6.1. Effect of Nanostructures with Various Wax Platelet Crystal Densities on Superhydrophobicity</p><p>6.6.2. Effect of Hierarchical Structure with Wax Platelets on the Superhydrophobicity</p><p>6.6.3. Effect of Hierarchical Structure with Wax Tubules on Superhydrophobicity</p><p>6.6.4. Self-Cleaning Efficiency of Hierarchically Structured Surfaces</p><p>6.6.5. Observation of Transition during the Bouncing Droplet</p><p>6.6.6. Observation of Transition during the Vibrating Droplet</p><p>6.6.7. Measurement of Fluid Drag Reduction </p><p>6.6.8. Summary</p><p>Chapter 7.&nbsp; Fabrication and Characterization of Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces (Revised)</p><p>7.1. Introduction</p><p>7.2. Experimental Techniques</p><p>7.2.1. Waterfall/Jet Tests</p><p>7.2.2. Wear and Friction Tests</p><p>7.2.3. Transmittance Measurements</p><p>7.3. CNT Composites</p><p>7.4. Nanoparticle Composites with Hierarchical Structure</p><p>7.5. Nanoparticle Composites for Optical Transparency</p><p>7.6. Deep Reactive Ion Etched Surfaces for Optical Transparency</p><p>7.7. Superhydrophobic Paper Surfaces</p><p>7.8. Closure</p><p>Chapter 8.&nbsp; Fabrication and Characterization of Micropatterned Structures Inspired by Salvinia Molesta</p><p>8.1. Introduction</p><p>8.2. Characterization of Leaves and Fabrication of Inspired Structural Surfaces</p><p>8.3. Measurement of Contact Angle and Adhesion</p><p>8.3.1. Observation of Pinning and Contact Angle</p><p>8.3.2. Adhesion</p><p>8.4. Closure</p><p>Chapter 9.&nbsp; Characterization of Rose Petals and Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces with High and Low Adhesion</p><p>9.1. Introduction</p><p>9.2. Characterization of Two Kinds of Rose Petals and Their Underlying Mechanisms</p><p>9.3. Fabrication of Surfaces with High and Low Adhesion for Understanding of Rose Petal Effect</p><p>9.4. Fabrication of Mechanically Durable, Superhydrophobic Surfaces with High Adhesion</p><p>9.4.1. Samples with Hydrophilic ZnO Nanoparticles (Before ODP Modification)</p><p>9.4.2. Samples with Hydrophobic ZnO Nanoparticles (After ODP Modification)</p><p>9.4.3. Wear Resistance in AFM Wear Experiment</p><p>9.5. Closure</p><p>Chapter 10.&nbsp; Modeling and Strategies of Superoleophobic/philic Surfaces (Revised)</p><p>10.1. Introduction</p><p>10.2. Strategies to Achieve Superoleophobicity in Air</p><p>10.2.1. Fluorination Techniques</p><p>10.2.2. Re-entrant Geometry</p><p>10.3. Model to Predict Oleophobic/philic Nature of Surfaces</p>10.4. Validation of Oleophobicity/philicity Model for Oil Droplets in Air and Water<p></p><p>10.4.1. Experimental Techniques</p><p>10.4.2. Fabrication of Oleophobic/philic Surfaces</p><p>10.4.3. Characterization of Oleophobic/philic Surfaces</p>10.4.4. Summary<p></p><p>Chapter 11.&nbsp; Fabrication and Characterization of Superoleophilic/phobic Surfaces (Revised)</p><p>11.1. Introduction</p><p>11.2. Nanoparticle Composite Coatings for Superliquiphilicity/phobicity</p><p>11.2.1. Experimental Details</p><p>11.2.2. Results and Discussion</p>11.2.3. Summary<p></p><p>11.3. Nanoparticle Composite Coatings for Superliquiphilicity and Superliquiphobicity Using Layer-by-Layer Technique</p><p>11.3.1. Experimental Details</p><p>11.3.2. Results and discussion</p><p>11.3.3. Summary</p><p>11.4. Superoleophobic Polymer Surfaces</p><p>11.4.1. Experimental Details</p><p>11.4.2. Results and Discussion</p>11.4.3. Summary<p></p><p>11.5. Superoleophobic Aluminum Surfaces</p><p>11.2.1. Experimental Details</p><p>11.2.2. Results and Discussion</p><p>11.2.3. Summary</p><p>11.6. Closure</p><p>Chapter 12.&nbsp; Shark-Skin Surface for Fluid-Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow (Revised)</p><p>12.1. Introduction</p><p>12.2. Fluid Drag Reduction</p><p>12.2.1. Mechanisms of Fluid Drag</p><p>12.2.2. Shark Skin</p><p>12.3. Fluid Flow Modeling</p><p>12.3.1. Riblet Geometry Models</p><p>12.3.2. Results and Discussion</p><p>12.3.3. Summary</p><p>12.4. Experimental Studies </p><p>12.4.1. Flow Visualization Studies</p><p>12.4.2. Riblet Geometries and Configurations</p><p>12.4.3. Riblet Fabrication</p><p>12.4.4. Riblet Scale-up Fabrication</p><p>12.4.5. Drag Measurement Techniques</p><p>12.4.6. Riblet Results and Discussion</p>12.4.7. Summary<p></p><p>12.5. Application of Riblets for Drag Reduction and Antifouling</p><p>12.6. Closure</p><p>Chapter 13.&nbsp; Black Skimmer Surfaces for Fluid-Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow (New)</p><p>13.1. Introduction</p><p>13.2. Fluid Flow Modeling</p><p>13.3. Experimental Studies</p>13.4. Closure<p></p><p>Chapter 14.&nbsp; Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wing Effect </p><p>14.1. Introduction</p><p>14.2. Inspiration from Living Nature</p><p>14.2.1. Ambient Species – Lotus Effect</p><p>14.2.2. Aquatic Species – Shark Skin and Fish Scales Effect</p><p>14.2.3. Ambient Species – Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wing Effect</p><p>14.3. Sample Fabrication </p><p>14.3.1. Actual Sample Replicas</p><p>14.3.2. Rice Leaf Inspired Surfaces</p><p>14.4. Pressure Drop Measurement Technique</p><p>14.5. Results and Discussion</p><p>14.5.1. Surface Characterization</p><p>14.5.2. Pressure Drop Measurements </p><p>14.5.3. Wettability</p>14.5.4. Drag Reduction Models<p></p><p>14.6. Closure</p><p>Chapter 15.&nbsp; Bio- and Inorganic Fouling (Revised)</p><p>15.1. Introduction</p><p>15.2. Fields Susceptible to Fouling</p><p>15.3. Biofouling and Inorganic Fouling Formation Mechanisms</p><p>15.3.1. Biofouling Formation</p><p>15.3.2. Inorganic Fouling Formation</p><p>15.3.3. Surface Factors</p><p>15.4. Antifouling Strategies from Living Nature</p><p>15.5. Antifouling: Current Prevention and Cleaning Techniques</p>15.5.1. Prevention Techniques<p></p><p>15.5.2. Self-cleaning Surfaces and Cleaning Techniques</p><p>15.6. Bioinspired Rice Leaf Surfaces for Antifouling</p><p>15.6.1. Fabrication of Micropatterned Samples</p><p>15.6.2. Anti-biofouling Measurements</p><p>15.6.3. Anti-inorganic Fouling Measurements</p><p>15.6.4. Results and Discussion</p><p>15.6.5. Anti-biofouling and Anti-inorganic Fouling Mechanisms</p><p>15.7. Closure</p><p>Chapter 16.&nbsp; Gecko Adhesion</p><p>16.1. Introduction</p><p>16.2. Hairy Attachment Systems</p>16.3. Tokay Gecko<p>16.3.1. Construction of Tokay Gecko</p><p>16.3.2. Adhesion Enhancement by Division of Contacts and Multilevel Hierarchical Structure</p><p>16.3.3. Peeling</p><p>16.3.4. Self-Cleaning</p><p>16.4. Attachment Mechanisms</p><p>16.4.1. van der Waals Forces</p><p>16.4.2. Capillary Forces</p><p>16.5. Adhesion Measurements and Data</p><p>16.5.1. Adhesion under Ambient Conditions</p><p>16.5.2. Effects of Temperature</p><p>16.5.3. Effects of Humidity</p>16.5.4. Effects of Hydrophobicity<p></p><p>16.6. Adhesion Modeling of Fibrillar Structures</p><p>16.6.1. Single Spring Contact Analysis </p><p>16.6.2. The Multi-Level Hierarchical Spring Analysis </p><p>16.6.3. Adhesion Results of the Multi-level Hierarchical Spring Model</p><p>16.6.4. Capillary Effects</p><p>16.7. Adhesion Data Base of Fibrillar Structures</p><p>16.7.1. Fiber Model </p><p>16.7.2. Single Fiber Contact Analysis </p><p>16.7.3. Constraints </p><p>16.7.4. Numerical Simulation </p><p>16.7.5. Results and Discussion</p><p>16.8. Fabrication of Gecko Skin-Inspired Structures</p><p>16.8.1. Single Level Roughness Structures</p><p>16.8.2. Multi-Level Hierarchical Structures</p><p>16.9. Closure</p><p>Chapter 17.&nbsp; Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nacre </p><p></p>17.1. Introduction&nbsp; <p></p><p>17.2. Hierarchical Structure</p><p>17.2.1. Columnar and Sheet Structure</p><p>17.2.2. Mineral Bridges</p><p>17.2.3. Polygonal Nanograins</p>17.2.4. Inter-tile Toughening Mechanism<p></p><p>17.3. Mechanical Properties </p><p>17.4. Bioinspired Structures</p><p>17.5. Closure</p><p>Chapter 18.&nbsp; Structural Coloration</p><p>18.1. Introduction&nbsp; </p>18.2. Physical Mechanisms of Structural Colors <p></p><p>18.2.1. Film Interference</p><p>18.2.2. Diffraction Gratings</p><p>18.2.3. Scattering</p><p>18.2.4. Photonic Crystals</p>18.2.5. Coloration Changes<p></p><p>18.3. Lessons from Living Nature</p><p>18.3.1. Film interference</p>18.3.2. Diffraction Grating<p></p><p>18.3.3. Scattering</p><p>18.3.4. Photonic Crystals</p>18.3.5. Coloration Changes<p></p><p>18.4. Bioinspired Fabrication and Applications</p>18.5. Closure<p></p><p>Chapter 19.&nbsp; Self-Healing Materials (NEW)</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 19.1 xxxxxx</p><p>19.2 xxxxxx</p><p>19.3 xxxxxx</p><p>Chapter 20. Structures for Water Harvesting</p><p>20.1 xxxxxx</p><p>20.2 xxxxxx</p><p>20.3 xxxxxx</p><p>Chapter 21.&nbsp; Outlook (Revised)</p><p>Appendix A. Gas Nanobubbles and Fluid Slip in Liquiphobic Surfaces</p><p>Subject Index (to be prepared by production staff)</p><p> </p><p>Bio and Photograph of Author&nbsp;</p>