Cosmological Crossroads

Thisbookisaneditedversionofthelecturesdeliveredduringthe1stAegean SummerSchoolonCosmology,heldonSamosisland,Greece,inSeptember 21-29,2001,andorganizedjointlybytheDepartmentofMathematics,U- versity of the Aegean and the Department of Physics, National Technical UniversityofAthens. Cosmology,thescienceoftheuniverse,standsatthecrossroadsofmany ?eldsofphysicsandmathematicsandpresentsuswithchallengingproblems of many forms. Although there are by now many textbooks discussing the subjectatmanylevels,itistruethatnosinglebookhasthecharacteristics wehadinmindwheneditingthisvolume. Wehavetriednottoproducea proceedingsvolumebutmoreamultiauthoredtextbookwhichcouldserveas areferencesourceofcurrentideasincosmology. Webelievethisbookcovers atanintroductorylevelmostoftheissueswhichareconsideredimportant inmoderncosmologicalresearchandcanbereadbyagraduatestudentor researcherwhowishestoacquireareasonableknowledgeofcosmologythat will,wehope,continuetobeofvalueforyearstocome. The 1st Aegean School on Cosmology, and consequently this book, - camepossiblewiththekindsupportofmanypeopleandorganizations. We received ?nancial support from the following sources and this is gratefully acknowledged: the Municipality of Karlovassi, the North Aegean Regional Secretariat, the Prefecture of Samos, the Ministry of the Aegean, and the NationalBankofGreece. TheadministrativesupportoftheSchoolwastakenupwithgreatcare byMrs. EvelynPappaandMantoKatsianiandwewouldliketothankthem bothfortheirkinde?ortstoresolvemanyissueswhicharosebefore,during andaftertheSchool. WeacknowledgethehelpofMr. NectariosBenekoswho designedandmaintainedthewebsiteoftheSchool. Last,butnotleast,wearegratefultothesta?ofSpringer-Verlag,resp- siblefortheLectureNotesinPhysics,whoseabilitiesandhelpcontributed greatlytothe?neappearanceofthisbook. Karlovassi,Samos, SpirosCotsakis March2002 EleftheriosPapantonopoulos TableofContents PartI HistoryandOverview 1 IsNatureGeneric? SpirosCotsakis,PeterG. L. Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 2 PrinciplesofCosmologicalModelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2. 1 Spacetimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2. 2 TheoriesofGravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 2. 3 MatterFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 3 Cosmologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 4 CosmologicalProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. 4. 1 TheSingularityProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. 4. 2 TheProblemofCosmicTopology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. 4. 3 TheProblemofAsymptoticStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. 4. 4 GravityTheoriesandtheEarlyUniverse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 5Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 EvolutionofIdeasinModernCosmology AndreasParaskevopoulos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 2 TheBeginningsofModernCosmology(1917–1950). . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. 3 Cosmology1950–1970:HotBigBang, SingularitiesandQuantumApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. 4 Cosmology1970–1990:Chaotic,In?ationary, QuantumandAlternative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. 5ConclusionsandOutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 VIII TableofContents PartII MathematicalCosmology 3ConstraintsandEvolutioninCosmology YvonneChoquet-Bruhat,JamesW. York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3. 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3. 2 MovingFrameFormulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3. 2. 1 FrameandCoframe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3. 2. 2 Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. 2. 3 Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. 2. 4 Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3. 3 (n+1)-SplittingAdaptedtoSpaceSlices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3. 3. 1 De?nitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3. 3. 2 StructureCoe?cients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3. 3. 3 SplittingoftheConnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .