Diabetes Guide

General Information.- Definition of Diabetes Mellitus.- Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Allied Categories of Glucose Intolerance.- Malnutrition-Related Diabetes Mellitus (Tropical Diabetes).- Prevalence of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Certain Populations, 1970-1980.- Incidence of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Characteristic Differences Between Insulin-Dependent and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Diagnosis of Diabetes Based on Non-Standardized Blood Glucose Values.- Procedure for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.- Diagnostic Values for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.- Conditions and Syndromes Associated with Glucose Intolerance.- Endocrinopathies Associated with Glucose Intolerance.- Symptoms and Disorders Indicating Examination for Diabetes Mellitus.- History and Physical Examination of Diabetic Patients.- Self-Care.- Self-Monitoring.- Renal Threshold for Glucose.- Glycated Haemoglobin.- Non-enzymatic Glycation of Haemoglobin.- Fructosamine.- Estimation of the Endogenous Insulin Secretion Using the C-Peptide Concentration.- Clinical Application of the C-Peptide Assay.- Investigation of Long-Term Diabetic Patients.- Pancreatic Transplantation - Patient and Graft Functional Survival Rates at 1 Year, University of Minnesota (1984-1988).- Therapeutic Goals.- Diet.- Energy Requirements.- Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate and Energy Content of Some Common Food Items.- Recommended Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat Contents of a Diabetic Diet.- Recommended Amounts of Absorbable and Non-absorbable Carbohydrates in the Diabetic Diet.- Characteristics of a High-Fibre Diet.- Alcoholic Beverages.- Artificial Sweeteners.- Energy Requirements During Various Activities.- Slimming Advice.- Body Mass Index.- Glycaemic Index.- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Biochemistry of Insulin Deficiency.- Physiology of Insulin Deficiency.- Structure of Human Insulin.- Structure of the Insulin Gene.- Risk Factors.- Main Types of Insulin.- Insulin Treatment Regimens (One or Two Doses).- Sliding Scale of Insulin Required to Correct Severe Malregulation.- Insulin Treatment at Home During Fever Periods.- Factors Influencing Insulin Absorption and Bioavailability.- Conversion from Picomoles to Nanograms to Units of Human Insulin, C-Peptide and Proinsulin.- Clinical Syndromes Associated with Altered Insulin Receptor Function.- Causes of Insulin Resistance.- Durability and Storage of Insulin.- Indications and Contraindications for Insulin Infuser Treatment.- Management of Practical Insulin Infuser Problems.- Management of Insulin Infusion During Periods of Fever and other Acute Episodes.- Diabetes in Childhood.- Allergic Reactions to Insulin.- Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-ketotic Coma and Lactic Acidosis.- Clinical Features of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).- Investigation and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.- Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults (Over 15 Years).- Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children (Under 15 Years).- Calculation of Potassium Deficit, Plasma Osmolarity, pH and Anion Gap.- Corrected Sodium.- Hazards of Severe Acidaemia and Alkali Therapy.- Biochemical Deficits in Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis.- Treatment of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-ketotic Coma (HHNC).- Comparison of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-ketotic Coma (HHNC) and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).- Lactic Acidosis.- Commonly Used Solutions for Parenteral Infusion.- Acute Diabetic Emergencies.- Hypoglycaemia.- Aetiology.- Differential Diagnosis of Hypoglycaemia with Hyperinsulinaemia.- Symptoms.- Causes of Hypoglycaemia in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Approach to Patients.- Treatment.- Adverse Effects.- Surgery in Diabetic Patients.- Management of Adult Diabetic Patients (Over 12 Years) During Surgery.- Management of Diabetic Children (Under 12 Years) During Surgery.- Pregnancy in Diabetic Patients.- White’s Classification (Slightly Modified) of Maternal and Neonatal Risk.- Evaluation of the Foetoplacental Unit During Pregnancy.- Congenital Malformations in Infants of Diabetic Mothers.- Clinical Disorders in Infants of Diabetic Mothers.- Prognostically Bad Signs During Pregnancy.- Recommendations for Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.- High-Risk Patients.- Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Risk Factors.- Treatment Flow Scheme.- Clinical Pharmacology of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs.- Side-Effects of Sulphonylureas and Biguanides.- Interactions of Sulphonylurea.- Contraindications for Sulphonylurea Treatment.- Mechanism of Action of Sulphonylureas.- Diabetic Foot Syndrome.- Classification of Foot Ulcers.- Other Foot Problems.- Prevention of Foot Ulcers.- Role of Surgery in Foot Ulcers.- Clinical Characteristics of Ischaemic and Neuropathic Foot Ulcers.- Treatment of Infected Foot Ulcers and Osteitis.- Indications for Peripheral Vascular Surgery.- Chance of Healing (%) after Amputation in Relation to Pre-operative Distal Blood Pressure and Skin Perfusion Pressure.- Diabetic Macrovascular Disease Risk Factors.- Diabetic Nephropathy.- Some Definitions.- Follow-Up of Patients.- Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection.- Indications for Dialysis or Kidney Transplantation.- Available Uraemic Therapies.- Preparing Diabetics for Uraemic Therapy.- Conditions Affecting the Kidney in Diabetes.- Diabetic Neuropathy.- Classification.- Test for Autonomic Neuropathy.- Treatment Protocol for Pain Relief.- Diabetic Eye Disease.- Occular Manifestations of Diabetes.- Diabetic Retinopathy.- Foliow-Up of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy.- Indications for Consideration of Vitrectomy.- Referral to an Institute for the Blind.- Hyperlipidaemia in Diabetes Mellitus.- Recommendation for Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels.- Probable Sites of Action of Lipid-Lowering Drugs.- Approach to Diagnosis of Lipid Disorders.- Decision Process in Treatment of Lipid Disorders.- Types of Lipid/Lipoprotein Disorders.- Drugs Used in the Treatment of Lipid/Lipoprotein Disorders.- Prognosis and Cause of Death in Diabetic Patients.- Incidence of Complications After 40-50 Years with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Cause of Death in Diabetics.- Genetics of Diabetes.- Diabetes and HLA.- Risks for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Genetic Counselling.- Diabetes Identity Cards.