Advanced Mineralogy

1 Mineral Matter in Space.- 1.1 Types of the States of Matter in the Universe.- 1.2 Interstellar Dust.- Interactions with Starlight.- Abundance Constraints.- Spectral Absorption Features.- Sizes and Shapes of Dust Grains.- 1.3 Interstellar Diamond.- 1.4 Interplanetary Dust.- Chondritic Dusts.- IDP Alteration.- The Original Dusts.- Future Research.- 1.5 Cosmogenic Matter in Terrestrial Environments.- The Nature of Interplanetary Dust.- 1.6 Giant Planets.- Observational Data.- The Theoretical Background: Equations of State.- Model of Giant Planets.- The Evolution of Giant Planets.- 1.7 Constitution of the Terrestrial Planets and the Moon.- Moon.- Mars.- Mercury.- Venus.- 1.8 Mineralogy of Meteorites and Asteroids.- 1.8.1 “Family Tree” of Meteorite Classification.- 1.8.2 Mineralogical Classification of Meteorites.- 1.8.3 Summary of Extraterrestrial Minerals.- 1.8.4 Interstellar Mineral Grains in Meteorites.- 1.8.5 Cosmic Spherules in Terrestrial Environments.- 1.8.6 Stages in the Complex Processes of Meteorite Origin.- 1.8.7 Meteorite Ages.- 1.8.8 Isotopic Composition and Isotopic Anomalies of Elements in Meteorites.- 1.8.9 Links Between Asteroides and Meteorites.- 1.9 Irradiation Effects on the Lunar Solids and Meteorites: Solar Wind, Solar Flares, and Galactic Cosmic Ray Records in the Lunar Minerals; Ion Implantation.- 1.10 Mineralogy of Astroblems: Terrestrial Impact Craters.- 1.10.1 Introduction.- 1.10.2 Cratering and Shock Metamorphism.- Cratering and Shock Physics.- Shock Metamorphism.- Shock and Cratering Experiments.- 1.10.3 Characteristics of Terrestrial Impact Structures.- Recognition.- Temporal, Spatial, and Size Distribution of Impact Craters.- Historic Collisions.- Simple Impact Craters. Complex Impact Structures.- Submarine Impact Structures. Projectile Identification.- 1.10.4 Geological Formations in and around Impact Structures.- Crater Basement.- Allochthonous Breccia Deposits.- Coherent Impact Melt Layers.- Distant Ejecta.- 1.10.5 Minerals in Terrestrial Impact Structures and Their Characteristic Features.- Shock Deformation and Transformation of Minerals.- Formation of New Minerals in Impact Melt and Vapor.- Post-shock Annealing and Alteration of Shocked Minerals.- 1.10.6 Examples for Terrestrial Impact Structures.- The Nördlinger Ries—an Excellently Preserved Complex Impact Structure.- Large Proterozoic Impact Structures (Sudbury, Vredefort), and the Bushveld Enigma.- Impact Diamonds at the Popigai Impact Structure.- 1.10.7 The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Impact Event.- 2 Mineralogy of the Mantle and Core.- 2.1 Mineralogical Structure of the Earth: Earth Geoscience Transect.- Phase Transformations, Composition, and the Nature of the Mantle Discontinuities.- Core-Mantle Boundary.- Core.- 2.2 The Upper Mantle.- 2.2.1 General Characteristics of the Upper Mantle.- 2.2.2 Direct Samples of the Upper Mantle.- Mantle Xenoliths in Basalts, Ophiolite Complexes, and Ocean-Floor Basalts.- Mantle Xenoliths and Xenocrysts in Kimberlites and Lamproites.- High-Pressure Mantle Rocks Technically Emplaced in the Crust.- 2.2.3 Composition and Evolution of the Upper Mantle.- Origin, Heterogeneity, and Evolution of the Upper Mantle.- Geothermometry of the Upper Mantle by Coexisting Minerals.- Oxygen Fugacities and Redox Conditions.- Mantle Volatiles and Water; Fluid Inclusions in the Mantle Minerals.- Upper Mantle Source of Metals.- 2.3 The Lower Mantle.- 2.4 The Earth’s Core.- 3 Mineralogy and Mineral Resources of the Ocean Floor.- 3.1 Stages of the Great Discoveries in the Ocean’s Geology, Metallogeny, and Mineralogy.- Ferromanganese Oxide Deposits.- Hydrothermal Discharge and Ore Deposits.- Phosphorites.- The Cost of Marine Geologic Discoveries.- 3.2 Minerals of the Sea Floor: Manganese Nodules, Crusts, and Phosphorites.- 3.2.1 Manganese Nodules General Features of Deep-Sea Mineral Formation.- 3.2.1 Distribution, Resources, and Prospects of Exploitation.- 3.2.2 Manganese Crusts.- 3.2.3 Phosphorites.- 3.3 Hydrothermal Mineralization in the Rift Zones of Mid-Ocean Ridges.- Tectonic Control of Ore Deposition.- Classification of Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits. Sources of Ore Minerals Composing Hydrothermal Deposits of Ocean Ridges.- Deposition of Hydrothermal Matter from Axial Hydrothermal Circulation.- Deposits Associated with the Alteration of Ultramafic Rocks.- The Dispersion of Hydrothermal Material and Formation of Metalliferous Sediments.- 4 Biomineralization.- 4.1 Tracers of Evolution. Impact of the Biosphere.- 4.2 Diversity and Phylum Distribution of Biominerals.- Selectivity of Biominerals.- “Strange Minerals”.- Special Features of Biominerals.- Two Typesof Biomineral-Forming Processes.- 4.3 Magnetotactic Bacteria.Microorganisms in Ore-Forming Processes.- 4.3.1 Magnetite Biomineralization, Magnetofossils, and Magnetoreception in Organisms.- 4.3.2 Microorganisms in Supergenic Processes.- Bacterial Processes in Sulfide Ore Deposits.- Microorganisms in Rock Weathering.- Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Biogeochemical.- Cycling of Sulfur. Bacteria in Iron-Manganese.- Mineralization of the Ocean Floor.- 4.3.3 Biogeotechnology. Bacterial Mining Technology for Gold, Cooper, and Uranium Ores.- 5 Environmental Mineralogy, Radiation Mineralogy.- 5.1 General Overview: The Global Problem of the Impact of the Production of Energy, Metals, Materials, Chemicals, and Radionuclides in the Modern Industrial Society on Air, Water, and Soil Pollution.- 5.2 Concepts and Methods for Applications of Mineralogy to Environmental Management.- 5.2.1 Chemical-Mineralogical Speciation.- 5.2.2 “Mineralogical” Barrier Systems.- 5.2.3 Analysis of Individual Airborne Mineral Particles.- 5.3 Special Examples of Applications of Mineralogy and Geochemistry to Environmental Problems.- 5.3.1 Atmospheric Dust.- 5.3.2 Asbestos and Other Fibrous Silicates. Health Effects.- 5.3.3 Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Contaminations in Aqueous Environments.- 5.3.4 Environmental Impact of Heavy Metal Ore Deposits.- 5.3.5 Treatment of Contaminated Dredged Sludge —Disposal Strategies.- 5.3.6 Flue Gas Purification Products of Coal-Fired Power Plants and Municipal Waste Incinerators. Characteristics and Waste Management.- 5.3.7 Solid-Solution Aqueous-Solution Equilibria in Cementitious Waste Stabilization Systems.- 5.3.8 Clays and Zeolites: Sorption and Exchange Properties and Their Implication in Environmental Problems.- 5.3.9 Clay Liners for Waste Dumpsa.- 5.3.10 The Conservation of Building Stones— Keystones of Their Deterioration and Conservation.- 5.4 Radiation Mineralogy.- 5.4.1 Natural Radioactive Materials and Radiometry.- 5.4.2 Management of High-Level Nuclear Waste (HLW).- 6 Gemology and Jewelry: Scientific and Technological Bases. Artistic Value of Minerals.- 6.1 New Concept of Gemology and Jewelry; Crucial Changes and Contemporary Situation.- 6.2 Diamond in Gemology.- 6.2.1 General.- 6.2.2 Mineralogical Types of Diamonds and Professional Classification of Real Crystals.- 6.2.3 Ideal Brilliant: Revealing Diamond Artistic Values Division of World Diamond Trade and World Market: Diamonds and Brilliants.- 6.2.4 System of Cut Diamonds Grading: Physicomineralogical Aspect.- 6.2.5 Clarity Grading and Microinclusions in Diamonds.- 6.2.6 Four Types of Diamond Color. Real Composition and Real Structure. Color Centers.- Real Composition of Diamond.- Real Structure of Diamonds. Types of Color Centers.- Optical Absorption and Luminescence Spectra.- Fancy Colors and Fancy Cuts of Brilliants.- Scale of Artistic Value of Diamonds.- 6.3 Problems of Gemology of Precious Stones.- 6.3.1 Methods of Precious Stone Identification.- 6.3.2 Competition of Synthesis and Methods of Distinguishing Between Natural and Synthetic Stones. Status of Synthetic Stones.- 6.3.3 Enhancement of Gem Stones.- 6.3.4 Hallmark for Gold and Certificate for Diamonds.- of Volume 1: Composition, Structure, and Properties of Mineral Matter.- of Volume 2: Methods and Instrumentation.