Urban Forest Acoustics

1 Introduction 2 Noise in Urban Forest 2.1 Sound Propagation 2.1.1 Definition and Theoretical Considerations 2.1.2 Factors Affecting Sound Propagation 2.2 Equipment for Noise Measurement 2.2.1 Instrumentation and Noise Sources 2.2.2 Measurement In Situ 2.2.2.1 Effects of Distance 2.2.2.2 Effect of Frequency 2.2.2.3 Effect of Visibility 2.3 Summary 3 Tree Characteristics and Acoustic Sensors 3.1 Morphological Characteristics 3.2 Mechanical Characteristics 3.2.1 Devices and Instrumentation 3.2.2 Mechanical Characteristics of Standing Trees 3.2.3 Detection of Internal Defects in Standing Trees 3.2.3.1Ultrasonic Velocity Method 3.2.3.2 Stress Wave Method 3.3 Genotypic Characteristics 3.4 Sylvicultural Practices 3.5 Summary 4 Noise Attenuation with Plant Material 4.1 Physical Aspects of Noise Attenuation with Plants 4.2 Ground Attenuation 4.3 Scattering by Trees 4.3.1 Scattering by Stems 4.3.2 Scattering by Canopy and Foliage 4.3.2.1 Measurements in Anechoic Room 4.3.2.2 Measurements in Reverberation Room 4.3.2.3 Outdoor Measurements 4.3.3 Reverberation in a Forest Stand 4.3.4 Atmospheric Conditions 4.4 Sound Scattering by Barriers 4.4.1 Psychological Effects 4.4.2 Solid Barriers without Vegetation 4.4.3 Solid Barriers with Vegetation 4.5 Summary 5 Traffic Noise Abatement 5.1 Road Traffic Noise 5.2 Railway Transportation Noise 5.3 Aircraft Noise 5.4 Summary 6 Noise Abatement and Dwellings 6.1 Urban Area 6.2 Suburban Area 6.3 Summary 7 Noise, Birds and Insects in Urban Forest 7.1 Bird Acoustic Communication in Forest Environment 7.2 Detection of Termite Infestation in Urban Trees 7.3 Summary 8 Acoustics for Fire Control in Forest 9 Economic Aspects Annex 1 Symbols Annex 2 Some Theoretical Considerations Annex 3 Frequency Weighting Annex 4 Standards Annex 5 Units References Subject Index